This paper presents a statistical analysis of reported accidents related to the Skikda’s Oil and Gas Refinery that led to a major explosion and loss of life. A historical review of fire, explosion and toxic release incidents that occurred during the period between 2002 and 2013 is presented. A brief description of each accident/incident is provided with the fatalities and personal injuries that resulted being described. These case studies have been analyzed with a view to understand the common causes including errors, which have led to catastrophic events. Accident frequency analysis has been applied to various types of primary accidental events such as fire, explosion and toxic gas releases to assess the potential damage of such events and the likelihood of such damage occurring. The basic principles of such analysis is to utilize the available information and use the most detailed elements to illustrate what the industry should learn from these accidents so that it can learn from them and hopefully prevent future major accidents.

This paper presents a statistical analysis of reported accidents related to the Skikda’s Oil and Gas Refinery that led to a major explosion and loss of life. A historical review of fire, explosion and toxic release incidents that occurred during the period between 2002 and 2013 is presented. A brief description of each accident/incident is provided with the fatalities and personal injuries that resulted being described. These case studies have been analyzed with a view to understand the common causes including errors, which have led to catastrophic events. Accident frequency analysis has been applied to various types of primary accidental events such as fire, explosion and toxic gas releases to assess the potential damage of such events and the likelihood of such damage occurring. The basic principles of such analysis is to utilize the available information and use the most detailed elements to illustrate what the industry should learn from these accidents so that it can learn from them and hopefully prevent future major accidents.

This paper presents a statistical analysis of reported accidents related to the Skikda’s Oil and Gas Refinery that led to a major explosion and loss of life. A historical review of fire, explosion and toxic release incidents that occurred during the period between 2002 and 2013 is presented. A brief description of each accident/incident is provided with the fatalities and personal injuries that resulted being described. These case studies have been analyzed with a view to understand the common causes including errors, which have led to catastrophic events. Accident frequency analysis has been applied to various types of primary accidental events such as fire, explosion and toxic gas releases to assess the potential damage of such events and the likelihood of such damage occurring. The basic principles of such analysis is to utilize the available information and use the most detailed elements to illustrate what the industry should learn from these accidents so that it can learn from them and hopefully prevent future major accidents.

Prediction of soil swelling characteristics and accurate quality estimation can be of a great consideration and contribution regarding the site stability. Any concerned investigation is correspondingly an advanced priority for the project realization. Related inquiries allow potential reduction concerning financial and technical charges damage prior to any urban development. The determination of soil characteristics lead for a better recognition, and allow to make the best choice of foundation type adopted for each site. Thus, in any urban case study, much gain can be made by team work recording and surveying the related data. In the considered city of El Kouif, located in Tebessa (Algeria), several buildings have been mainly built on expansive soils. Observations indicate different severe damages which were caused mostly in the nearby structures. These damages are characterized by deflection and failure of walls. Lateral and vertical displacements evidences support the presence of shear movements and subsidence. The scale up of these movements occurrence can reach millimetric shifting dimension. Ground and subsurface risk activity affecting El Kouif city site are also related to the presence of destructive chemical components such as sulfates. The sulfate occurrence is illustrated through generally gypsum minerals concentration present in the concerned soil. During building projects, these soils, in meeting concrete and in presence of water, are source of new mineral generation such as ettringite. It consists on the assemblage of water and sulfate in addition to calcium. Source for these chemical products expansion might be associated to historical event: the city of El Kouif was the field of phosphates mining area in addition to established phosphate extraction plant. Thus, determination of soil characteristics and involvement of chemical components turn out to be the main objectives in this investigation.

Prediction of soil swelling characteristics and accurate quality estimation can be of a great consideration and contribution regarding the site stability. Any concerned investigation is correspondingly an advanced priority for the project realization. Related inquiries allow potential reduction concerning financial and technical charges damage prior to any urban development. The determination of soil characteristics lead for a better recognition, and allow to make the best choice of foundation type adopted for each site. Thus, in any urban case study, much gain can be made by team work recording and surveying the related data. In the considered city of El Kouif, located in Tebessa (Algeria), several buildings have been mainly built on expansive soils. Observations indicate different severe damages which were caused mostly in the nearby structures. These damages are characterized by deflection and failure of walls. Lateral and vertical displacements evidences support the presence of shear movements and subsidence. The scale up of these movements occurrence can reach millimetric shifting dimension. Ground and subsurface risk activity affecting El Kouif city site are also related to the presence of destructive chemical components such as sulfates. The sulfate occurrence is illustrated through generally gypsum minerals concentration present in the concerned soil. During building projects, these soils, in meeting concrete and in presence of water, are source of new mineral generation such as ettringite. It consists on the assemblage of water and sulfate in addition to calcium. Source for these chemical products expansion might be associated to historical event: the city of El Kouif was the field of phosphates mining area in addition to established phosphate extraction plant. Thus, determination of soil characteristics and involvement of chemical components turn out to be the main objectives in this investigation.

In machining operation, the quality of surface finish is an important requirement for many turned work pieces. cutting temperature is one of the most important parameters in determining the cutting performance and tool life. the objective for this work is to estimate the cutting temperature in 3D model on tool-chip interface and the interface temperature during turning process, using the digital simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics.The tool–chip interface temperature results obtained from experimental results by using C45 medium carbon steel work piece with natural contact tools, without the application of cooling and lubricating agents and a K type thermocouple technique was used for estimating cutting temperatures in a turning operation.This procedure facilitates the determination of the temperature at tool-chip interface in dry turning process, which is still a challenge for existing experimental and numerical methods.

In machining operation, the quality of surface finish is an important requirement for many turned work pieces. cutting temperature is one of the most important parameters in determining the cutting performance and tool life. the objective for this work is to estimate the cutting temperature in 3D model on tool-chip interface and the interface temperature during turning process, using the digital simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics.The tool–chip interface temperature results obtained from experimental results by using C45 medium carbon steel work piece with natural contact tools, without the application of cooling and lubricating agents and a K type thermocouple technique was used for estimating cutting temperatures in a turning operation.This procedure facilitates the determination of the temperature at tool-chip interface in dry turning process, which is still a challenge for existing experimental and numerical methods.

In machining operation, the quality of surface finish is an important requirement for many turned work pieces. cutting temperature is one of the most important parameters in determining the cutting performance and tool life. the objective for this work is to estimate the cutting temperature in 3D model on tool-chip interface and the interface temperature during turning process, using the digital simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics.The tool–chip interface temperature results obtained from experimental results by using C45 medium carbon steel work piece with natural contact tools, without the application of cooling and lubricating agents and a K type thermocouple technique was used for estimating cutting temperatures in a turning operation.This procedure facilitates the determination of the temperature at tool-chip interface in dry turning process, which is still a challenge for existing experimental and numerical methods.