@article {103800,
	title = {A Mobility-Aware Zone-Based Key Management Scheme with Dynamic Key Refinement for Large-Scale Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks},
	journal = {Future Internet },
	volume = {18},
	number = {3},
	year = {2026},
	pages = {175},
	abstract = {
	Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs) enhance traditional wireless sensor networks by allowing sensor nodes to move, resulting in continuously changing network topologies. Although this mobility enables advanced applications such as disaster response, intelligent transportation systems, and mission-critical monitoring, it poses major challenges for secure and scalable key management in large-scale deployments. Most existing key management and key pre-distribution schemes are tailored to static or lightly mobile networks and therefore suffer from limited scalability, excessive memory consumption, inefficient key utilization, and increased vulnerability to node capture when applied to highly mobile environments. This paper proposes a mobility-aware, zone-based key management scheme that integrates an enhanced composite key distribution mechanism with dynamic key refinement. The network is partitioned into logical zones, each maintaining an independent key pool to confine security breaches and improve scalability. To adapt to mobility-induced topology changes, sensor nodes continuously refine their key rings by preserving only the cryptographic keys associated with persistent neighbor relationships. This selective retention strategy significantly reduces storage overhead while strengthening resilience against key compromise and unauthorized access. Comprehensive analytical modeling and performance evaluations demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves higher secure connectivity, stronger resistance to node capture attacks, and improved scalability compared to existing approaches, particularly in dense and highly mobile MWSN scenarios.

},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18030175},
	author = {Chenna, Abdelbassette and Boubiche, Djallel-Eddine and Benyahia, Abderrezak and Homero, Toral-Cruz and Mart{\'\i}nez-Pel{\'a}ez, Rafael and Velarde-Alvarado, Pablo}
}
