@article {62486,
	title = {Energy Efficiency of Multi-Technology PV Modules under Real Outdoor Conditions\&mdash;An Experimental Assessment in Gharda{\"\i}a, Algeria},
	journal = {Sustainability},
	volume = {14},
	number = {3},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022},
	pages = {1771},
	abstract = {
	Energy efficiency and ratio performance are two key parameters for the analysis of the performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules. The present paper focusses on the assessment of the efficiency of four different photovoltaic module technologies based on energy efficiency and ratio performance. These PV modules were installed at the Applied Research Unit in Renewable Energy (URAER) in Algeria and were used to provide experimental data to help local and international economical actors with performance enhancement and optimal choice of different technologies subject to arid outdoor conditions. The modules studied in this paper are: two thin-film modules of copper indium selenide (CIS), hetero-junction with intrinsic thin-layer silicon (HIT) and two crystalline silicon modules (polycrystalline (poly-Si), monocrystalline (mono-Si)). These technologies were initially characterized using a DC regulator based on their measured I-V characteristics under the same outdoor climate conditions as the location where the monitoring of the electrical energy produced from each PV module was carried out. The DC regulator allows for extracting the maximum electrical power. At the same time, the measurements of the solar radiation and temperature were obtained from a pyranometer type Kipp \&amp; ZonenTM CMP21 and a Pt-100 temperature sensor (Kipp \&amp; Zonen, Delft, Netherlands). These measurements were performed from July 2020 to June 2021. In this work, the monthly average performance parameters such as energy efficiency are given and analyzed. The average efficiency of the modules over 12 months was evaluated at 4.74\%, 7.65\%, 9.13\% and 10.27\% for the HIT, CIS, mono-Si and poly-Si modules, respectively. The calculated percentage deviations in the efficiency of the modules were 8.49\%, 18.88\%, 19.74\% and 23.57\% for the HIT, CIS, mono-Si and poly-Si modules, respectively. The low variation in the efficiency of the HIT module can be attributed to the better operation of this module under arid outdoor conditions, which makes it a promising module for adaptation to the region concerned.

},
	isbn = {2071-1050},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031771},
	author = {Fezzani, Amor and Hadj-Mahammed, Idriss and Kouzou, Abdellah and Zaghba, Layachi and Said Drid and Khennane, Messaouda and Kennel, Ralph and Abdelrahem, Mohamed}
}
