@article {62491,
	title = {Emergence of metallo-β-lactamases and OXA-48 carbapenemase producing gram-negative bacteria in hospital wastewater in Algeria: a potential dissemination pathway into the environment},
	journal = {Microbial Drug Resistance},
	volume = {28},
	number = {1},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022},
	pages = {23-30},
	abstract = {
	Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can leave hospitals and therefore contaminate the environment and, most likely, humans and animals, through different routes, among which wastewater discharge is of great importance. This study aims to assess the possible role of hospital sewage as reservoir and dissemination pathway of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Carbapenem-resistant GNB were selectively isolated from wastewater collected from a public hospital in Batna, Algeria. Species identification was carried out using matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated by the disc diffusion method. β-Lactamase production was investigated phenotypically using the double-disk synergy assay and the modified CarbaNP test, then the molecular mechanisms of β-lactam-resistance were studied by PCR and sequencing. Ten Enterobacteriaceae and 14 glucose-nonfermenting GNB isolates were obtained. All Enterobacteriaceae isolates were positive for OXA-48 and TEM-1D β-lactamases, where seven of them coproduced an extended-spectrum β-lactamase. VIM-2 carbapenemase was detected in six glucose-nonfermenting GNB isolates. However, three\&nbsp;Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one\&nbsp;Comamonas jiangduensis\&nbsp;and one\&nbsp;Acinetobacter baumannii\&nbsp;isolates were positive for VIM-4 variant. In addition, NDM-1 enzyme was detected in four\&nbsp;A. baumannii\&nbsp;isolates. Our findings highlight the potential impact of hospital wastewater in the spread of drug resistance mechanisms outside of hospitals.

},
	isbn = {1076-6294},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2020.0617},
	author = {Zineb Cherak and Lotfi Loucif and Moussi, Abdelhamid and Esma Bendjama and Benbouza, Amel and Jean-Marc Rolain}
}
@article {62675,
	title = {MCR-5-Producing Colistin-Resistant Cupriavidus gilardii Strain from Well Water in Batna, Algeria},
	journal = {Msphere},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2021},
	month = {2021},
	abstract = {
	This paper presents the first description of the\&nbsp;mcr-5.1\&nbsp;gene in a colistin-resistant Cupriavidus gilardii isolate from well water that supplies a maternity hospital in Algeria. The whole-genome sequence of this strain showed the presence of putative β-lactamase,\&nbsp;aac(3)-IVa, and multidrug efflux pump-encoding genes, which could explain the observed multidrug resistance phenotype. Our findings are of great interest, as we highlight a potential contamination route for the spread of\&nbsp;mcr\&nbsp;genes.\&nbsp;



	IMPORTANCE\&nbsp;Colistin resistance mediated by\&nbsp;mcr\&nbsp;genes in Gram-negative bacteria has gained significant attention worldwide. This is due to the ability of these genes to be horizontally transferred between different bacterial genera and species. Aquatic environments have been suggested to play an important role in the emergence and spread of this resistance mechanism. Here, we describe the first report of an\&nbsp;mcr-5-positive Cupriavidus gilardii aquatic isolate through its isolation from well water in Algeria. The significance of our study is in shedding the light on an important environmental reservoir of\&nbsp;mcr\&nbsp;genes.

},
	isbn = {2379-5042},
	url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34468167/},
	author = {Zineb Cherak and Lotfi Loucif and Ben-Khedher, Mariem and Moussi, Abdelhamid and Benbouza, Amel and Baron, Sophie Alexandra and Jean-Marc Rolain}
}
