Ilex aquifolium L. is an endemic species in Algeria’s Tellian and Saharan Atlas mountains in the country’s center and east, and it is on the verge of extinction owing to a variety of reasons. To help preserve it, we devised an in vitro micropropagation technique. The cuttings with axillary buds were cultured on different media supplemented with different combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators. The best results were obtained on Woody Plants Medium (WPM) supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP: 1.5 mg/LL, 3 mg/L) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA: 1.5 mg/LL) in combination with BAP (1.5 mg/ L); BAP (1.5 mg/ L) with Gibberellins (GA3: 0.5 mg/ L). The best shoot proliferation rates were obtained on WPM supplemented with 1.5 mg/LL (BAP) and BAP: 1.5 mg/L; GA3: 0.5 mg/L; or BAP: 1.5 mg/L + ANA: 1.5 mg/L. The highest rooting rate (100%) was obtained with shoots grown on WPM medium supplemented with NAA (1.5 mg/LL). Absence of routing formation was observed in media containing indolacetic acid (IAA: 1 mg/ L) alone or combined with BAP: 0.5 mg/ L) The best-rooted shoots must be acclimatized to a substrate consisting of a mixture of peat and sand (1:1 v/vv), the seedlings have been acclimatized successfully.

Ilex aquifolium L. is an endemic species in Algeria’s Tellian and Saharan Atlas mountains in the country’s center and east, and it is on the verge of extinction owing to a variety of reasons. To help preserve it, we devised an in vitro micropropagation technique. The cuttings with axillary buds were cultured on different media supplemented with different combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators. The best results were obtained on Woody Plants Medium (WPM) supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP: 1.5 mg/LL, 3 mg/L) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA: 1.5 mg/LL) in combination with BAP (1.5 mg/ L); BAP (1.5 mg/ L) with Gibberellins (GA3: 0.5 mg/ L). The best shoot proliferation rates were obtained on WPM supplemented with 1.5 mg/LL (BAP) and BAP: 1.5 mg/L; GA3: 0.5 mg/L; or BAP: 1.5 mg/L + ANA: 1.5 mg/L. The highest rooting rate (100%) was obtained with shoots grown on WPM medium supplemented with NAA (1.5 mg/LL). Absence of routing formation was observed in media containing indolacetic acid (IAA: 1 mg/ L) alone or combined with BAP: 0.5 mg/ L) The best-rooted shoots must be acclimatized to a substrate consisting of a mixture of peat and sand (1:1 v/vv), the seedlings have been acclimatized successfully.

Honey has a long history of use in many cultures as food and medicine. It is a food of animal origin closely linked to the territory, due to honeybees need the flora to obtain the honey. Melissopalynology plays a significant role in the identification of the distinctive food print of honey throughout its pollen content, being essential for guaranteeing origin. Algeria is the largest country in North Africa and possesses a diversified territory with different ecosystems that host wide plant biodiversity. Apiculture relies heavily on the pollination of plant species and the conservation of biodiversity, but also is a good source of economic income in rural areas. In Algeria, knowledge about plant resources for honey bees and the properties of the honey is raising interest. In this context, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the different ecosystems of Algeria, the main pollen types found in the pollen spectra of honey and the principal honey types described.

Honey has a long history of use in many cultures as food and medicine. It is a food of animal origin closely linked to the territory, due to honeybees need the flora to obtain the honey. Melissopalynology plays a significant role in the identification of the distinctive food print of honey throughout its pollen content, being essential for guaranteeing origin. Algeria is the largest country in North Africa and possesses a diversified territory with different ecosystems that host wide plant biodiversity. Apiculture relies heavily on the pollination of plant species and the conservation of biodiversity, but also is a good source of economic income in rural areas. In Algeria, knowledge about plant resources for honey bees and the properties of the honey is raising interest. In this context, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the different ecosystems of Algeria, the main pollen types found in the pollen spectra of honey and the principal honey types described.

Honey has a long history of use in many cultures as food and medicine. It is a food of animal origin closely linked to the territory, due to honeybees need the flora to obtain the honey. Melissopalynology plays a significant role in the identification of the distinctive food print of honey throughout its pollen content, being essential for guaranteeing origin. Algeria is the largest country in North Africa and possesses a diversified territory with different ecosystems that host wide plant biodiversity. Apiculture relies heavily on the pollination of plant species and the conservation of biodiversity, but also is a good source of economic income in rural areas. In Algeria, knowledge about plant resources for honey bees and the properties of the honey is raising interest. In this context, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the different ecosystems of Algeria, the main pollen types found in the pollen spectra of honey and the principal honey types described.

Honey has a long history of use in many cultures as food and medicine. It is a food of animal origin closely linked to the territory, due to honeybees need the flora to obtain the honey. Melissopalynology plays a significant role in the identification of the distinctive food print of honey throughout its pollen content, being essential for guaranteeing origin. Algeria is the largest country in North Africa and possesses a diversified territory with different ecosystems that host wide plant biodiversity. Apiculture relies heavily on the pollination of plant species and the conservation of biodiversity, but also is a good source of economic income in rural areas. In Algeria, knowledge about plant resources for honey bees and the properties of the honey is raising interest. In this context, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the different ecosystems of Algeria, the main pollen types found in the pollen spectra of honey and the principal honey types described.

Honey has a long history of use in many cultures as food and medicine. It is a food of animal origin closely linked to the territory, due to honeybees need the flora to obtain the honey. Melissopalynology plays a significant role in the identification of the distinctive food print of honey throughout its pollen content, being essential for guaranteeing origin. Algeria is the largest country in North Africa and possesses a diversified territory with different ecosystems that host wide plant biodiversity. Apiculture relies heavily on the pollination of plant species and the conservation of biodiversity, but also is a good source of economic income in rural areas. In Algeria, knowledge about plant resources for honey bees and the properties of the honey is raising interest. In this context, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the different ecosystems of Algeria, the main pollen types found in the pollen spectra of honey and the principal honey types described.

Honey has a long history of use in many cultures as food and medicine. It is a food of animal origin closely linked to the territory, due to honeybees need the flora to obtain the honey. Melissopalynology plays a significant role in the identification of the distinctive food print of honey throughout its pollen content, being essential for guaranteeing origin. Algeria is the largest country in North Africa and possesses a diversified territory with different ecosystems that host wide plant biodiversity. Apiculture relies heavily on the pollination of plant species and the conservation of biodiversity, but also is a good source of economic income in rural areas. In Algeria, knowledge about plant resources for honey bees and the properties of the honey is raising interest. In this context, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the different ecosystems of Algeria, the main pollen types found in the pollen spectra of honey and the principal honey types described.

Honey has a long history of use in many cultures as food and medicine. It is a food of animal origin closely linked to the territory, due to honeybees need the flora to obtain the honey. Melissopalynology plays a significant role in the identification of the distinctive food print of honey throughout its pollen content, being essential for guaranteeing origin. Algeria is the largest country in North Africa and possesses a diversified territory with different ecosystems that host wide plant biodiversity. Apiculture relies heavily on the pollination of plant species and the conservation of biodiversity, but also is a good source of economic income in rural areas. In Algeria, knowledge about plant resources for honey bees and the properties of the honey is raising interest. In this context, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the different ecosystems of Algeria, the main pollen types found in the pollen spectra of honey and the principal honey types described.

 Daboia mauritanica (Gray, 1849), Moorish Viper, is native to North Africa. We update the distribution map for this species in Algeria, providing 19 new locality records, filling distribution gaps and significantly expanding the species’ known range. Our updated distribution map reveals a widespread presence of the species in northern Algeria, extending south into the northern Sahara. We note that some historical records in certain provinces remain unconfirmed and/or questionable, indicating the need for further investigation. Our findings underscore the importance of collaboration between researchers and citizen scientists in Algeria.

 Daboia mauritanica (Gray, 1849), Moorish Viper, is native to North Africa. We update the distribution map for this species in Algeria, providing 19 new locality records, filling distribution gaps and significantly expanding the species’ known range. Our updated distribution map reveals a widespread presence of the species in northern Algeria, extending south into the northern Sahara. We note that some historical records in certain provinces remain unconfirmed and/or questionable, indicating the need for further investigation. Our findings underscore the importance of collaboration between researchers and citizen scientists in Algeria.

 Daboia mauritanica (Gray, 1849), Moorish Viper, is native to North Africa. We update the distribution map for this species in Algeria, providing 19 new locality records, filling distribution gaps and significantly expanding the species’ known range. Our updated distribution map reveals a widespread presence of the species in northern Algeria, extending south into the northern Sahara. We note that some historical records in certain provinces remain unconfirmed and/or questionable, indicating the need for further investigation. Our findings underscore the importance of collaboration between researchers and citizen scientists in Algeria.

 Daboia mauritanica (Gray, 1849), Moorish Viper, is native to North Africa. We update the distribution map for this species in Algeria, providing 19 new locality records, filling distribution gaps and significantly expanding the species’ known range. Our updated distribution map reveals a widespread presence of the species in northern Algeria, extending south into the northern Sahara. We note that some historical records in certain provinces remain unconfirmed and/or questionable, indicating the need for further investigation. Our findings underscore the importance of collaboration between researchers and citizen scientists in Algeria.

 Daboia mauritanica (Gray, 1849), Moorish Viper, is native to North Africa. We update the distribution map for this species in Algeria, providing 19 new locality records, filling distribution gaps and significantly expanding the species’ known range. Our updated distribution map reveals a widespread presence of the species in northern Algeria, extending south into the northern Sahara. We note that some historical records in certain provinces remain unconfirmed and/or questionable, indicating the need for further investigation. Our findings underscore the importance of collaboration between researchers and citizen scientists in Algeria.

 Daboia mauritanica (Gray, 1849), Moorish Viper, is native to North Africa. We update the distribution map for this species in Algeria, providing 19 new locality records, filling distribution gaps and significantly expanding the species’ known range. Our updated distribution map reveals a widespread presence of the species in northern Algeria, extending south into the northern Sahara. We note that some historical records in certain provinces remain unconfirmed and/or questionable, indicating the need for further investigation. Our findings underscore the importance of collaboration between researchers and citizen scientists in Algeria.

 Daboia mauritanica (Gray, 1849), Moorish Viper, is native to North Africa. We update the distribution map for this species in Algeria, providing 19 new locality records, filling distribution gaps and significantly expanding the species’ known range. Our updated distribution map reveals a widespread presence of the species in northern Algeria, extending south into the northern Sahara. We note that some historical records in certain provinces remain unconfirmed and/or questionable, indicating the need for further investigation. Our findings underscore the importance of collaboration between researchers and citizen scientists in Algeria.

 Daboia mauritanica (Gray, 1849), Moorish Viper, is native to North Africa. We update the distribution map for this species in Algeria, providing 19 new locality records, filling distribution gaps and significantly expanding the species’ known range. Our updated distribution map reveals a widespread presence of the species in northern Algeria, extending south into the northern Sahara. We note that some historical records in certain provinces remain unconfirmed and/or questionable, indicating the need for further investigation. Our findings underscore the importance of collaboration between researchers and citizen scientists in Algeria.

Aphids cause biotic stress and vector diseases. However, wheat’s morphological and biochemical responses to aphid infestation are poorly studied. Our study evaluated the varietal behavior of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf) against Rhopalosiphum maidis (Homoptera: Aphididae) in laboratory conditions. We studied morphological trait variation (plant height [HP], flag leaf area [SFDF], leaf area [SF], spike length [LE], and beard length [LB]) and biochemical characteristics (chlorophyll, soluble sugars, and proline contents) of three varieties in Algeria: MBB, BOU, and GTA. MBB is the least affected, with a 13.34 % infestation rate. The heaviest infestation occurs during the heading stage. All morphological factors decreased in length or surface between control and infested samples. ANOVA showed significant variations for HP, LE, SFDF, and SF but not LB. Biochemical parameters decrease in GTA. In MBB, chlorophyll and soluble sugars decrease while proline increases. For BOU, soluble sugars decrease while chlorophyll and proline increase. Only soluble sugars showed a significant statistical variation between control and infested plants. HP is affected by aphid infestation, which is of higher significance for MBB. Proline content is affected in BOU and GTA. There is no significant variation between aphid infestation and chlorophyll, soluble sugars, and proline levels for MBB. The effect of R. maidis infestation is less important on MBB. HP, SFDF, SF, and LE are morphological selection criteria for R. maidis infestation resistance. Proline is a biochemical selection criterion. Genetic and molecular analyses are required to identify genes for programs that enhance durum wheat’s resistance to R. maidis infestations.

Aphids cause biotic stress and vector diseases. However, wheat’s morphological and biochemical responses to aphid infestation are poorly studied. Our study evaluated the varietal behavior of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf) against Rhopalosiphum maidis (Homoptera: Aphididae) in laboratory conditions. We studied morphological trait variation (plant height [HP], flag leaf area [SFDF], leaf area [SF], spike length [LE], and beard length [LB]) and biochemical characteristics (chlorophyll, soluble sugars, and proline contents) of three varieties in Algeria: MBB, BOU, and GTA. MBB is the least affected, with a 13.34 % infestation rate. The heaviest infestation occurs during the heading stage. All morphological factors decreased in length or surface between control and infested samples. ANOVA showed significant variations for HP, LE, SFDF, and SF but not LB. Biochemical parameters decrease in GTA. In MBB, chlorophyll and soluble sugars decrease while proline increases. For BOU, soluble sugars decrease while chlorophyll and proline increase. Only soluble sugars showed a significant statistical variation between control and infested plants. HP is affected by aphid infestation, which is of higher significance for MBB. Proline content is affected in BOU and GTA. There is no significant variation between aphid infestation and chlorophyll, soluble sugars, and proline levels for MBB. The effect of R. maidis infestation is less important on MBB. HP, SFDF, SF, and LE are morphological selection criteria for R. maidis infestation resistance. Proline is a biochemical selection criterion. Genetic and molecular analyses are required to identify genes for programs that enhance durum wheat’s resistance to R. maidis infestations.

Aphids cause biotic stress and vector diseases. However, wheat’s morphological and biochemical responses to aphid infestation are poorly studied. Our study evaluated the varietal behavior of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf) against Rhopalosiphum maidis (Homoptera: Aphididae) in laboratory conditions. We studied morphological trait variation (plant height [HP], flag leaf area [SFDF], leaf area [SF], spike length [LE], and beard length [LB]) and biochemical characteristics (chlorophyll, soluble sugars, and proline contents) of three varieties in Algeria: MBB, BOU, and GTA. MBB is the least affected, with a 13.34 % infestation rate. The heaviest infestation occurs during the heading stage. All morphological factors decreased in length or surface between control and infested samples. ANOVA showed significant variations for HP, LE, SFDF, and SF but not LB. Biochemical parameters decrease in GTA. In MBB, chlorophyll and soluble sugars decrease while proline increases. For BOU, soluble sugars decrease while chlorophyll and proline increase. Only soluble sugars showed a significant statistical variation between control and infested plants. HP is affected by aphid infestation, which is of higher significance for MBB. Proline content is affected in BOU and GTA. There is no significant variation between aphid infestation and chlorophyll, soluble sugars, and proline levels for MBB. The effect of R. maidis infestation is less important on MBB. HP, SFDF, SF, and LE are morphological selection criteria for R. maidis infestation resistance. Proline is a biochemical selection criterion. Genetic and molecular analyses are required to identify genes for programs that enhance durum wheat’s resistance to R. maidis infestations.