he aim of this study is to determine some food factors role on different stages of digestive carcinogenicity. The casecontrol study was carried out in Batna province (Algeria). 115 cases incidents of digestive cancers(60 men and 55 women),with median age of 59 years, were diagnosed between 1st January 2011 and 31 December 2012, compared to 230 cancers witnesses(83 men and 147 women). The respondents were subjected to a semi-quantitative food questionnaire. The bi-varied and multi-varied results analysis shown a significant link with risk decrease between the breakfast consumption of tea (OR=0.50) and milk (OR=042), also the raw vegetables consumption (OR=0.56) and studies cancers. On the other hand, a significant relationship with a risk increase between digestive cancers and some factors related to food stuff such as the consumption of “gueddid”(OR=4.91), adding salt to cooked foods (OR=4.18), cooking modes, frying (OR=12.90), preservation modes, the use of butter or “smen” in cooking food, the use of oils in frying for 4 times with re-using it (OR=3.98) and the number of meals that are more than 3 a day. For that, the Batna inhabitants need to change their food habits by decreasing the consumption of certain traditional food (gueddid and smen) and increasing fruits, vegetables, milk and tea consumption.

Bone, like any other material, is subject to mechanical fatigue when subjected to repetitive cyclic loading. Cyclic loading in vivo occurs either in workplaces exposed to mechanical vibration or during handling operations or during leisure and sports activities. As an example, the continuous exposure of the human body to intense global vibration can be, in the long run, cause problems of lumbar lesions due to dynamic stresses (mainly compression) in the spine. Bone and microcracks in cancellous bone. Fatigue rupture of vertebral bone is clinically and biologically important. From a clinical point of view, permanent damage and deformity, under cyclic loading, can probably weaken the vertebral body by inducing the migration of joint replacements. The mechanism of fatigue damage in cortical and trabecular bone can cause cracks and their propagation to final rupture. Microcracks observed in the vertebrae contributed to the decrease in vertebral rupture strength. In order to analyze the biomechanical behavior of the vertebrae and to assess the risk of fracture, an in vivo characterization method is applied based on the micro-MRI, aiming to focus on the evaluation the force at rupture of the vertebral body in compression. The method of extracting the shape of cancellous bone by special filters (adaptive filter, Robert's filter, etc.) will be applied, allowing it to be modelled as a slice (2D). This micro slice are created by edge configuration generation and triangulated cube configuration generation in capturing section contour points from medical image per slice, creating B-spline curve with the control points in each layer, producing solid model construction in Planar Contours method. Medical rapid prototyping models are performed in SolidWorks. Layered manufacturing techniques are used for producing parts of arbitrary complexity, which will then be modelled by finite element in fatigue

The basin of Timgad belongs to the North-Eastern Algerian Saharan Atlas; it is located at the northern extension of the Aures Mountains. The basin is an asymmetrical syncline oriented East-West covering an area of 1000 Km2. The climate is semi-arid (cold winter and hot summer) with average annual rainfall not exceeding 400 mm. Recently, the increasing agricultural activities led to an excessive exploitation of groundwater resources. In order to meet this rising water supply demands, implementing a water resources management policy is a priority which should be based on a basin hydrogeological study. Effectively, the geological and geophysical studies have confirmed the presence of permeable Miocene and Cretaceous formations (sandstone and carbonate); relatively resistant affected by fractures network, which are probably forming a confined aquifers. Indeed, recent wells drilled in the basin center and their boundaries; show that the aquifers are artesian. The sandstone aquifer of the Miocene is the most important, it is characterized by significant thickness which can exceed 200m, its extension as well as its particular corrugated geometry, characterized by a wavy shape, which forming a series of shale-marl filling depressions, influences the groundwater flow, actually, the piezometric surface illustrates groundwater convergent flow oriented to the east, towards Bou el freis, likewise the sandstone aquifer is marked by the presence of a West-East drainage axis which separates the basin northern part characterized by a low reservoirs hydraulic capacity from the southern part distinguished by the groundwater relative abundance. Groundwater is generally easily extracted, except the northern part of the basin where the top shale-marl layer is thickens to over 1000m.

In this paper, heat transfer analysis during cutting 2024-T351 aluminium alloy with carbur tungsten (25° rake angle) and especially in 2, 3D orthogonal cutting operation numerically was performed. The assembly was modelled, meshed and analysed using commercial computational tool ABAQUS EXPLICIT. The parameters to be varied are depth of cut and impact speed, the thermal boundary conditions are adiabatic, the thermal contact between tool and workpiece is imperfect and the following method is Lagrangian, the results were well visualized and compared with literature, [23] and are in good agreement with reality of cutting. It was found that maximum temperature turn around 400°C when cutting and it is located in chip formation on the other hand, heat conduction with impact speed were two antagonist phenomenon, in other terms, increase in impact speed has less effect on heat transfer and in conduction espescialy.