Setif city covers an area of 6550 km2; it is located about 300 km southeast of Algiers and 100 km to the south of the Mediterranean sea. The aim of our study is to know the tectonic mechanisms responsible for the emergencies and to highlight their chemical characteristics of water springs in Setif. Wherein thermalism is characterized by the presence of a number of thermal springs, the latest are usually related to recent large fractures deeply affecting the sedimentary formations and sometimes even crystallin basement. These fractures are often injected by Triassic evaporates; their directions are NNW–SSE, NW–SE, and NE–SW and limiting great structural units. Four groundwater facies were identified: the high percentage of sources, staking major accidents related to limestone mountains or to the basement, shows a calcium or sodium sulfate facies; and the sources are often hot (meso or hyperthermal). A second group, related to terrigenous saliferous formations, shows a sodium bicarbonate or sodium chloride facies. The geothermic interpretation allows us to conclude that the reservoir supplies the two aquifer systems of the thermal complex, and is stored in fissured Jurassic limestone, where water storage and circulation is beyond 2600 m deep.

The study of propagation characteristics is a fundamental step in mobile radio engineering; which is intended to achieve maximum performance for a mobile radio system. To do this, the propagation models are essential tools for this study such as the evaluation of the signal strength received by a mobile terminal, the evaluation of coverage radii and deduce the number of cells needed to cover a given area, such as radio planning, which in turn is the step that aims to estimate the necessary equipment and configurations of the radio interface. In this work we adopt the standard K factor model and OKUMURA HATA model to demonstrate a propagation model adapted to the physical environment of the city of Annaba in Algeria using a linear regression algorithm based on the ordinary least squares method. Radio measurements were carried out on the CDMA network of operator Mobilis. The calculation of the square root of the mean square error between the actual data and the radio measurements and the prediction data derived from the model implemented allowing the validation of the results obtained. A comparative study between the value of the RMSE obtained by the new model and those obtained by the models K standard factors and the model of OKUMURA HATA allows us to conclude that the new model is better adapted to our local environment than that of OKUMURA HATA. The new model obtained can help increase the performance of mobile radio systems deployed in our territory. © 2017, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics. All rights reserved.

A three-dimensional time-dependent numerical study of the flow instabilities in a simulated Czochralski system is conducted. The comparison with previously published experimental results is reported. The simulations were performed using a refined grid in order to investigate flow instabilities in the crucible. Simulations have been carried out for various crystal rotational speeds, by taking into account the effects of Rayleigh and Marangoni numbers. The temperature fluctuations near the crystal/liquid interface are analyzed. The method used for that purpose is the Fast Fourier Transform with the corresponding spectra. From numerical simulations, it has been observed that for rotational speeds of the crystal less than 10 rpm, the temperature fluctuations are increased until a magnitude of 1.1 K over a period of 6 min. For crystal speeds larger than 10 rpm the fluctuations are extremely reduced to a magnitude less than 0.02 K.

Ensuring (QoS) in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a challenging issue due to the lack of resources and energy exhausting of sensor nodes. In this paper we propose a new QoS aware routing protocol for multi-hop wireless sensor networks based on cross-layer interaction between the network, MAC and physical layers. At physical layer, a link quality estimator is studied for the purpose of evaluating link quality. At MAC layer, a differentiated services mechanism is used to distinguish between real time and non-real time packets and to allocate more channel resources for real time traffic; TDMA slots also have been modified to allocate more and earlier slots to real time packets. At network layer, a routing path selection algorithm is introduced for QoS optimisation. Simulation results show that our proposed protocol improves network’s performances in terms of energy efficiency and QoS.