This paper focuses on the efficient control of a photovoltaic device's voltage. Under irradiation variation and constant load, a robust controller is proposed. The second-order sliding mode controller for buck converter based on super twisting algorithm is designed to ensure both the reliability and robustness of the global system. The proposed control strategy's reliability is demonstrated by experimental results using dSpace 1104.

This paper presents MRAS speed sensorless control of induction motor using type-2 fuzzy logic controller (T2FLC). These controllers replace the PI ones, in the new MRAS strategy proposed in Benlaloui et al. (IEEE Trans Energy Convers 30(2):588–595, 2015), in order to improve the induction motor performances and robustness at low speed region. Indeed, the choice of these controllers is made because of their adaptation-based schemes which permit to handle nonlinear uncertain systems without the need of precise mathematical model required when using PI controllers. Comparative study had shown a better rejection of disturbance and high insensitivity to stator resistance compared to the PI and the T1FLC controllers. The effectiveness of the proposed speed-based T2FLC estimation method and its good robustness are validated by simulation and by experimental results.

New 2-pyridone derivatives were hemi-synthetised in situ using essential oils of endemic Algerian plants; Ammodaucus Leucotrichus and eucalyptus citriodora as source of chiral aldehydes (perillaldehyde and citronellal respectively). The one pot reaction was carried out in Ethanol including cyanoacetohydrazide, essential oil, and malononitrile. The reaction mixture was catalysed by potassium carbonate. In the present work, two new compounds of highly functionalized 2-pyridones were obtained as privileged medicinal scaffolds. The structures of 2-pyridone derivatives were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C and 2D

Background

Diabetes mellitus is a serious complex multifactorial disorder that imposes huge health and economic burden on societies. Because the currently available medications have many drawbacks, it's important to look for alternative therapies. Medicinal plants utilized in folk medicine are ideal candidates. Therefore, this work assessed the antidiabetic action of n-butanol extract from the whole plant Atractylis flava Desf (BEAF). These ethnomedicinal properties of BEAF were scientifically validated using in vitro and in vivo assays. In vitro antidiabetic effect of the BEAF was conducted using α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase assays. While the antihyperglycemic activity was assessed using two rat models: Alloxan-induced diabetic rats and oral glucose challenged rats. Experimental diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan at a dose of 150 mg/kg and animals with fasting blood glucose levels (BGL) > 200 mg/dL were considered diabetic. Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) was used as a typical drug.

Results

The BEAF at all tested dose levels (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg) showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level in all the two animal models. Besides, the plant extract exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase activity at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL with 76.17% and 89.37%, respectively.

Conclusion

BEAF exerts in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic effects, these results suggest that the plant extract can be a therapeutic resource in the treatment of diabetes and hyperlipidemia.

Context: More than 500 Centaurea species compose the Asteraceae family, and most of the recent studies made on the species of this genus proved their pharmacological potential, especially to treat chronic illnesses. Aims: To evaluate for the first time the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and anti-microbial properties of the n-butanol (nBuOH) and ethyl acetate (EA) extracts of the aerial part of Centaurea tougourensis. Methods: The antioxidant activity was determined by ABTS, galvinoxyl radical, phenanthroline, and reducing power assays, while the antiinflammatory effects were assessed by heat-induced hemolysis and egg albumin denaturation assays. The neuroprotective activity was assessed against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and the anti-microbial activity by the agar disk diffusion method. Results: Both extracts possess a great antioxidant capacity, but it was considered higher in the n-BuOH extract with respective IC50 values of 8.04 ± 0.21 μg/mL in ABTS assay and 4.25 ± 0.6 μg/mL in GOR assay, while the A0.50 values were 4.46 ± 0.55 μg/mL in phenanthroline assay and 11.16 ± 0.64 μg/mL in reducing power assay. The n-BuOH extract also showed a remarkable anti-inflammatory activity with an EC50 of 120.81 ± 0.2 μg/mL in egg albumin denaturation assay and 154.15 ± 0.14 μg/mL in heat-induced hemolysis assay. The neuroprotective activity of the n-BuOH extract was very strong in both AChE and BChE inhibitory assays with respective IC50 values of 9.8 ± 0.62 μg/mL and 173.53 ± 0.04 μg/mL. EA extract was more active on microbial strains. Conclusions: These encouraging results showed once again the pharmacological potential of Centaurea species

The short circuit is among one of the most dangerous electrical faults in induction motors, which leads to serious implications on the motor operation and its performance. The present paper deals with the influence of the stator short circuit fault in its early stage in terms of performances and service continuity of an electric vehicle (EV) using a dual induction motor’s structure piloted by Backstepping control. An equivalent induction motor model with turn-to-turn fault on one stator phase, without already assuming the temperature effect through an intrinsic model, is investigated and thereafter its impacts on electric vehicle performance using simulation tests are presented and discussed.

Managing software architecture represents a big challenge throughout the development lifecycle. The complexity of the involved structural elements and the relations among them make the specified models look oversized and fuzzy, which makes the architecture incomprehensible, hard to maintain, and difficult to assess its quality. This paper's goal is to propose a powerful methodology for simplifying and reducing models' complexity to increase understandability, smoothing maintenance, and facilitating architecture monitoring and assessment. For this purpose, the authors rely heavily on two major concepts, multi-view modeling, and incremental model projection. The multi-viewing requires that all models must have two main views to describe the architecture and the mapping to its relevant quality attributes. The incremental projection is a methodology used to specialize and minimize models progressively to make them simpler and clearer. The results show that projecting models incrementally can reduce and narrow them significantly.

Studying the influence of climate variability indices on extreme precipitation will help to understand the variability of extreme precipitation. However, the influence of climate indices on extreme precipitation over the world has received little attention. In this work, a stationary generalized extreme value (GEV) model and nonstationary GEV models on the annual maximum 1-day precipitation (Rx1day) at the global scale are developed. The Bayesian framework is adopted in this study. Four climate variability indices such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) are used independently as covariates. The results showed that nonstationary GEV models are preferred over the stationary GEV model based on Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) and the significant covariates for a large number of grid cells which indicates that the influence of climate index is not a negligible component in the GEV model. In addition, the positive and negative influences of the covariates are analyzed. At the global, the effect of ENSO on the location parameter is greater than the effect of the other covariates, indicating that ENSO has a strong influence on extreme precipitation in large parts of the world.

With the evolution of the internet of things (IoT), and due to its significant need in the industry, Industrial IoT (IIoT) becomes the suitable naming for this accompaniment. IIoT changed the view of the industry intelligently and over the internet. This overlapping of IoT and industry requires special treatment when systems deal with heterogeneous devices in a distributed environment and complex tasks. In this paper, we propose a middleware solution based on multi-agents system (MAS) to handle the distributed control of complex systems autonomously in an industrial environment. The proposed middleware enables machine-to-machine (M2M) communications among the system's components. In this work, we also addressed the distributed diagnostic for real industrial system using MAS with a new suitable communication strategy to support the heterogeneity and interoperability issued in IIoT and assure real-time monitoring and control. Finally, we present a qualitative evaluation of our solution on real case study (cement factory).

This paper deals with the analysis of the inelastic response of buildings originally damaged by earthquakes and subjected to earthquake aftershock and wind loading. The overall aim is to establish the effect of wind actions on structural stability. To that end, one four-story bare frame benchmarked by the European Laboratory for Structural Assessment, is subject to various levels of winds and earthquake joint load while monitoring changes on the ductility demand. In this paper is shown that the combined action of strong winds and earthquakes, however its low probability of occurrence, would cause a decrease of strength reduction factors and considerably increase the ductility demand of damaged infrastructure hence inducing additional risks that would otherwise remain unquantified. The paper examines the non-linear performance of Multi-degree of freedom systems subject to various levels of winds and earthquake load and deals with the estimation of strength reduction factors. This is a relatively unexplored area of research which builds on past developments whereby inelastic performance of buildings has been discussed. It also links to various other paths of development such as structural reliability, forensic and control systems engineering.

This study is one of the first works which examined the assessment of heavy metal contamination of pavement-side soils in Algeria. It deals with the section of National Highway 3 (RN3), which crosses the wilaya of Batna. In the environment of sampling sites there is no industry or dangerous activity on the environment, the heavy metals addressed in this study are (Pb, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn), their origin being road traffic. The objectives of this study were to: (1) Determine the concentrations of heavy metals in road dust; (2) Identify the sources of different heavy metals in soils and road dust; (3) Exploring the extent of heavy metal pollution in neighbouring soils. To this end, 33 samples were collected, including 03 road dust and 30 soil samples over different distances from 1m to 80m. The samples were analyzed by FRX. Results indicated that concentrations in road dust were higher than in soil. The distribution of heavy metal concentrations in dust is Fe>Pb>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni, and the distribution in the ground is Fe>Pb>Cu>Zn>Cr>Ni in the direction of Biskra and in the opposite direction and decreases away from the road, while the distribution in the central solid ground is Fe> Cu>Cr>Pb>Zn>Ni. Climatic conditions such as wind, rainfall, temperature, humidity and the nature of the terrain were also significantly related to their enrichment in these roadside soils. The enrichment factor (EF) and the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) were calculated, as well as all elements with a (EF) that ranges from moderate to high to extremely contaminated, reflecting the high anthropogenic load of these metals in the study area and the results of the Igéo accumulation indices confirm the results obtained for the enrichment factor (EF).

This article is particularly interested in the numerical modeling of water hammer in a hydraulic circuit, taking into account the prevailing water temperature. The study concerns the propagation velocity of the wave and the amplitude of unsteady phenomena encountered in the circuit, as well as the severity and collapse of cavitations that are also considered as major risks. To conjecture the consequences of these phenomena, we were led to simulate a single-phase and two-phase transient flows in a hydraulic copper pipe system in a temperature range of 4–95 °C. To do this, we have developed a solver for the dynamic and continuity equations’ resolution. The method of characteristics is chosen for its capacities to solve these equations. Its application shows that it is robust and adapted to the problem studied. Two cavitations’ models and column separation have been incorporated; in this case, the Discrete Vapor Cavity Model (DVCM) and the Discrete Gas Cavity Model (DGCM). Moreover, in addition to the classic models of quasi-stable friction, of which the models of unsteady friction have been included, like the one based on the instantaneous acceleration proposed by Brunone and the one proposed by Vardy & Brown based on the convolution integral. Although single-phase and two-phase water hammers do not behave in the same way, the results obtained with these models show that the temperature produces a great effect on the hammer.

The Bouteldja coastal aquifer is one of the most important groundwater resources in North eastern of Algeria. The region is under a sub-humid climate with an average rainfall of 600-880 mm/y. The unconfined aquifer is constituted of Quaternary sands formations. The hydrogeological characteristics were determined based on previous reports. A very important inflow recharges the sandy aquifer in the Southeastern boundary, in relation to a fault network system linking the aquifer and the Obeira Lake area. Another inflow is observed at the Southern boundary in relation to the exchanges with the alluvial aquifer of Bouteldja. The purpose of the present study is to provide an initial assessment of the groundwater flow and water budget of this aquifer. To achieve this goal, a one-layer groundwater flow numerical model was developed using the MODFLOW-2005 code and the FREEWAT software, using the available data. The model was run in steady state conditions. Calibration was achieved using the piezometric measurements of May 2018 as calibration target. After several trials of manual calibrations, the model successfully simulated the groundwater flows directions and heads. Calibration efforts lead to an acceptable concordance (for the purpose of this study) between the estimated and calculated hydraulic conductivity and piezometric heads, except at the Eastern border. The analyses of the simulated inflow budget shows that aside the rainfall infiltration, exchanges with surface water bodies, the adjoining alluvial aquifer and the fault system provide a relevant amount of water. This significant recharge needs additional investigations. This numerical modeling exercise using MODFLOW, the FREEWAT software and GIS reached the objective of a preliminary description of the groundwater flow and it represents an acceptable starting point for more thorough hydrodynamic characterization of the Bouteldja coastal aquifer.

• The study of the phenomenon of flooding in an urban environment requires the integration of the city in its physical context, in this case the entire impluvium. Thus, the consideration of all the hydrological, morphometric and physical characteristics (topography, lithology, land cover...). In order to put in place appropriate measures to improve urban resilience and protect the population and their property in the capital of Algeria (City of Algiers), a hydrological modeling must be carried out upstream to evaluate the hydrological response of the watershed. This modeling was done using the auxiliary tool HEC-GEO HMS, an extension that works in a GIS environment (ArcGIS).
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The main objective of this study is to establish a perspective orientation of urban growth in an arid region (Biskra and its neighboring oases) in south east Algeria by mobilizing the capacities of attractiveness. Taking into account climatic parameters (wind speed and temperatures) and physical parameters (land cover, slopes, and distance from roads), our approach is based on remote sensing techniques of satellite data classification and Geographic Information Systems for spatial analysis. By means of a multi-criteria analysis a decision support map of sites suitable for future urban dynamics was carried out. The results obtained show that 48% (or 71,782.25 ha) of the study area is located on land with very low sensitivity to urbanization. 9.45% at high sensitivity, 29.13% at medium sensitivity, while 13.41% at low sensitivity. The medium sensitivity zone occupies a considerable area estimated at 29.13% (a total of 43,577.58 ha). Spatially, this is reflected in uncontrolled urban sprawl to the detriment of oases and agricultural land, or land not suited to the requirements of climatic comfort in arid regions. This urbanization sensitivity map forms the basis of the prospective design of an urban model adapted and appropriate to the conditions of the oasis ecosystem through the integration of other climatic parameters.

Modern wind turbines operate in continuously transient conditions, with varying speed, torque, and power based on the stochastic nature of the wind resource. This variability affects not only the operational performance of the wind power system, but can also affect its integrity under service conditions. Condition monitoring continues to play an important role in achieving reliable and economic operation of wind turbines. This paper reviews the current advances in wind turbine condition monitoring, ranging from conventional condition monitoring and signal processing tools to machine-learning-based condition monitoring and usage of big data mining for predictive maintenance. A systematic review is presented of signal-based and data-driven modeling methodologies using intelligent and machine learning approaches, with the view to providing a critical evaluation of the recent developments in this area, and their applications in diagnosis, prognosis, health assessment, and predictive maintenance of wind turbines and farms.

Closed greenhouse systems optimize internal climatic conditions for both reducing energy loss and high-quality yields. Nevertheless, careful monitoring of the parameters of the microclimate requires a better understanding of the thermal phenomena that coexist at the same time inside the greenhouses. In the present study, the surface radiation effect on the natural convection in the greenhouse was investigated numerically based a turbulent unsteady model. The k-ε model was adopted for the turbulent flow and the discrete ordinate (DO) method for the radiation heat transfer. Assuming a no isotherm conditions at the floor and roof faces of the greenhouse and for a Rayleigh number ranges from 0.6×10¹⁰ to 2.3×10¹⁰. The results showed a strong radiation effect on the thermal behavior near the walls and considerably reduces the flow dynamics within the greenhouse. The contribution of the radiation heat transfer on the total Nusselt number at least 50% greater than that without. The results obtained for the selected values of Rayleigh numbers are in good agreement with the experimental data of the literature.

In this paper, we propose a full-wave analysis for characterizing the resonant frequencies and bandwidths of high-temperature superconductor inverted microstrip printed on anisotropic substrates. Our proposed approach is based on Galerkin procedure in the Fourier transform domain (FTD) combining with the complex resistive boundary condition. With the use of suitable Green's functions in the FTD, the analysis is performed for the case where the superconducting rectangular patches printed on anisotropic substrate. The numerical results obtained using the proposed approach are compared with previously published numerical results computed by means of the electromagnetic simulator “IE3D software”. These comparisons were very good, which prove the correctness and the validity of the proposed method. It is found that the optical properties combined with optimally chosen structural parameters of anisotropic materials can be maintaining control of the resonant frequency and exhibiting wider bandwidth characteristics.

We establish global-posedness in time for the viscous Boussinesq equations in two dimensions of space with temperature-dependent diffusivity in the framework of a smooth vortex patch. We also provide the inviscid limit for velocity, temperature, and associated flow toward the system studied very recently in \cite{Paicu-Zhu} as soon as the viscosity goes to zero, and quantify the rate of convergence.

The main purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the performance of two multicriteria models for landslide susceptibility assessment in Constantine, north-east of Algeria. The landslide susceptibility maps were produced using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Fuzzy AHP (FAHP) via twelve landslides conditioning factors, including the slope gradient, lithology, land cover, distance from drainage network, distance from the roads, distance from faults, topographic wetness index, stream power index, slope curvature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, slope aspect and elevation. In this study, the mentioned models were used to derive the weighting value of the conditioning factors. For the validation process of these models, the receiver operating characteristic analysis, and the area under the curve (AUC) were applied by comparing the obtained results to The landslide inventory map which prepared using the archives of scientific publications, reports of local authorities, and field survey as well as analyzing satellite imagery. According to the AUC values, the FAHP model had the highest value (0.908) followed by the AHP model (0.777). As a result, the FAHP model is more consistent and accurate than the AHP in this case study. The outcome of this paper may be useful for landslide susceptibility assessment and land use management.