The induction machine (IM) is a nonlinear, multivariable, strongly coupled system. Therefore, it is necessary to achieve a decoupling between flux and torque. The vector control technique is the one that gives better performance. To have high dynamic responses and better torque control, the machine must be supplied with sinusoidal currents. The present work contributes to improving the efficiency of a flux-oriented indirect control (IFOC) of an induction motor associated with a new hysteresis inverter. The Induction motors have good efficiencies when operating at full load. However, at lower than rated loads, which is a condition that many machines experience for significant portion of their service life, the efficiency is greatly reduced. To improve the efficiency of the existing motor it is important to regulate the flux of the motor in the desired operating range. This paper proposes the analytical approach of minimizing copper losses for an induction motor and energy efficient control strategy based on fuzzy logic using Matlab / Simulink®. This parameter is used to determine an optimal rotor flux reference it has the goal of maximizing the efficiency for each given load torque. The proposed fuzzy controller adjusts the electromagnetic torque, to give the optimized flux by minimizing losses.

The induction machine (IM) is a nonlinear, multivariable, strongly coupled system. Therefore, it is necessary to achieve a decoupling between flux and torque. The vector control technique is the one that gives better performance. To have high dynamic responses and better torque control, the machine must be supplied with sinusoidal currents. The present work contributes to improving the efficiency of a flux-oriented indirect control (IFOC) of an induction motor associated with a new hysteresis inverter. The Induction motors have good efficiencies when operating at full load. However, at lower than rated loads, which is a condition that many machines experience for significant portion of their service life, the efficiency is greatly reduced. To improve the efficiency of the existing motor it is important to regulate the flux of the motor in the desired operating range. This paper proposes the analytical approach of minimizing copper losses for an induction motor and energy efficient control strategy based on fuzzy logic using Matlab / Simulink®. This parameter is used to determine an optimal rotor flux reference it has the goal of maximizing the efficiency for each given load torque. The proposed fuzzy controller adjusts the electromagnetic torque, to give the optimized flux by minimizing losses.

Cet article se veut explicatif des différentes façons de faire des enseignants du palier universitaire en matière d’évaluation de l’expression écrite. Les annotations constituent concrètement son objet d’étude. Les résultats obtenus, suite à une correction d’un même texte par cinq enseignants, ont débouché sur une nouvelle typologie d’annotations comptant sept types. En revanche, la fréquence de ces annotations montre une centration excessive sur les éléments locaux de bas niveau ce qui techniciserait la réécriture et la réduirait en une simple opération de toilettage syntaxique.

Cet article se veut explicatif des différentes façons de faire des enseignants du palier universitaire en matière d’évaluation de l’expression écrite. Les annotations constituent concrètement son objet d’étude. Les résultats obtenus, suite à une correction d’un même texte par cinq enseignants, ont débouché sur une nouvelle typologie d’annotations comptant sept types. En revanche, la fréquence de ces annotations montre une centration excessive sur les éléments locaux de bas niveau ce qui techniciserait la réécriture et la réduirait en une simple opération de toilettage syntaxique.

Cet article se veut explicatif des différentes façons de faire des enseignants du palier universitaire en matière d’évaluation de l’expression écrite. Les annotations constituent concrètement son objet d’étude. Les résultats obtenus, suite à une correction d’un même texte par cinq enseignants, ont débouché sur une nouvelle typologie d’annotations comptant sept types. En revanche, la fréquence de ces annotations montre une centration excessive sur les éléments locaux de bas niveau ce qui techniciserait la réécriture et la réduirait en une simple opération de toilettage syntaxique.

The traditional networks have a decentralized routing process, which uses routing rules to direct packets, leading to looping problems during failure. This is primarily due to the close connection between the data/control planes and the absence of overall network topological information. Furthermore, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a rising network concept that has garnered significant attention from both academia and the industry. It enables network flexibility by separating the control and data planes, leading to centralized network control. The global network topology information supplied by SDN facilitates network management, allows designers to encounter their specific, end-to-end requirements, and enables invention in networking. To guarantee high reliability and availability in networks, fault tolerance is required to minimize service failure consequences. This paper discusses the different SDN fault tolerance approaches in the literature. Specifically, our study focuses on Link Failure Detection and Recovery in both, Control and Data planes. We involve a systematic classification, comparison, and analysis of the existing SDN fault tolerance approaches: Reactive, Proactive, and Hybrid. Research and practical implications of fault tolerance in SDN are further discussed, along with open challenges and future research directions.

The traditional networks have a decentralized routing process, which uses routing rules to direct packets, leading to looping problems during failure. This is primarily due to the close connection between the data/control planes and the absence of overall network topological information. Furthermore, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a rising network concept that has garnered significant attention from both academia and the industry. It enables network flexibility by separating the control and data planes, leading to centralized network control. The global network topology information supplied by SDN facilitates network management, allows designers to encounter their specific, end-to-end requirements, and enables invention in networking. To guarantee high reliability and availability in networks, fault tolerance is required to minimize service failure consequences. This paper discusses the different SDN fault tolerance approaches in the literature. Specifically, our study focuses on Link Failure Detection and Recovery in both, Control and Data planes. We involve a systematic classification, comparison, and analysis of the existing SDN fault tolerance approaches: Reactive, Proactive, and Hybrid. Research and practical implications of fault tolerance in SDN are further discussed, along with open challenges and future research directions.

The traditional networks have a decentralized routing process, which uses routing rules to direct packets, leading to looping problems during failure. This is primarily due to the close connection between the data/control planes and the absence of overall network topological information. Furthermore, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a rising network concept that has garnered significant attention from both academia and the industry. It enables network flexibility by separating the control and data planes, leading to centralized network control. The global network topology information supplied by SDN facilitates network management, allows designers to encounter their specific, end-to-end requirements, and enables invention in networking. To guarantee high reliability and availability in networks, fault tolerance is required to minimize service failure consequences. This paper discusses the different SDN fault tolerance approaches in the literature. Specifically, our study focuses on Link Failure Detection and Recovery in both, Control and Data planes. We involve a systematic classification, comparison, and analysis of the existing SDN fault tolerance approaches: Reactive, Proactive, and Hybrid. Research and practical implications of fault tolerance in SDN are further discussed, along with open challenges and future research directions.

Le présent article propose une étude portant sur l’œuvre « Simorgh » de Mohamed Dib. L’auteur nous présente une œuvre marquée par une ivresse moderniste et utopique sous une nouvelle forme qui escamote toutes les règles, pour offrir une hybridité, un éclatement, une fragmentation ; En somme une œuvre riche, tant au niveau de la forme qu’au niveau du fond. Sa construction apparemment erratique n’est en réalité que le signe, mais surtout l’appel à explorer sa richesse pluridimensionnelle, tel l’oiseau mythique dont l’esprit habite subtilement l’œuvre se donnant pour mission cette quête qui semble savoir intrinsèquement que ce que le cherche au dehors de soi est plutôt dedans.

Le présent article propose une étude portant sur l’œuvre « Simorgh » de Mohamed Dib. L’auteur nous présente une œuvre marquée par une ivresse moderniste et utopique sous une nouvelle forme qui escamote toutes les règles, pour offrir une hybridité, un éclatement, une fragmentation ; En somme une œuvre riche, tant au niveau de la forme qu’au niveau du fond. Sa construction apparemment erratique n’est en réalité que le signe, mais surtout l’appel à explorer sa richesse pluridimensionnelle, tel l’oiseau mythique dont l’esprit habite subtilement l’œuvre se donnant pour mission cette quête qui semble savoir intrinsèquement que ce que le cherche au dehors de soi est plutôt dedans.

Les pratiques langagières réalisées sur le web, en particulier sur les réseaux sociaux et précisément dans un espace techno-discursif algérien, connaissent une effervescence impressionnante. En effet, une accélération imposante est constatée dans les interactions en ligne. Toutes ces transformations sont le fruit de l’association de la machine et de l’outil informatique aux compétences langagières des internautes. Ces pratiques ont favorisé la possibilité d’aller très vite dans la communication en ligne, ainsi que dans la qualité du message produit qui est de plus en plus proche au message fait dans la communication ordinaire.Language practices carried out on the web, in particular on social networks and precisely in an Algerian techno-discursive space, are experiencing an impressive effervescence. Indeed, an imposing acceleration is observed in online interactions. All these transformations are the result of the association of machines and IT tools with the language skills of Internet users. These practices have favored the possibility of going very quickly in online communication, as well as in the quality of the message produced, which is increasingly close to the message made in ordinary communication.

Since 2011,Syria has witnessed a furious civil war that has resulted in a dangerous humanitarian crisis. Thousands of Syrians were obliged to leave Syria searching for a decent life.Some of these refugees succeeded in reaching their destination while others lost their lives.This paper seeks to investigate the representation of Syrian refugees in media discourse. More specifically, it aims to analysethe linguistic and discursive strategies employed by CNN andAl Jazeera in their representations of Syrian refugees through analyzing two articles published in 2015.It is a qualitative study that adopts Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) drawing on the social discoursal framework of Norman Fairclough. The results revealed that there is no neutral representation, and that both channels dehumanized Syrian refugees by representing them as great masses of vulnerable people.

Since 2011,Syria has witnessed a furious civil war that has resulted in a dangerous humanitarian crisis. Thousands of Syrians were obliged to leave Syria searching for a decent life.Some of these refugees succeeded in reaching their destination while others lost their lives.This paper seeks to investigate the representation of Syrian refugees in media discourse. More specifically, it aims to analysethe linguistic and discursive strategies employed by CNN andAl Jazeera in their representations of Syrian refugees through analyzing two articles published in 2015.It is a qualitative study that adopts Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) drawing on the social discoursal framework of Norman Fairclough. The results revealed that there is no neutral representation, and that both channels dehumanized Syrian refugees by representing them as great masses of vulnerable people.

Enterprises have always given great importance to business process management to be competitive and profitable. With the advent of cloud computing, other opportunities are given to these enterprises to execute their business processes with minimal cost in a very short time. Business processes (BPs) are modelled using specific languages. BPMN is the most popular of these languages. However, its current version does not support process modelling for eventual execution in the cloud. Resource management, risk management, deployment, and security are key concepts in cloud computing that a modelling language must support. This paper presents an extension of the BPMN language for modelling business processes in the cloud, integrating the concept of security to secure cloud execution. The use of our new proposed architecture and models for secure BPs is illustrated by a real-life example that demonstrates how our extension is used to define/enforce actual security requirements.

Enterprises have always given great importance to business process management to be competitive and profitable. With the advent of cloud computing, other opportunities are given to these enterprises to execute their business processes with minimal cost in a very short time. Business processes (BPs) are modelled using specific languages. BPMN is the most popular of these languages. However, its current version does not support process modelling for eventual execution in the cloud. Resource management, risk management, deployment, and security are key concepts in cloud computing that a modelling language must support. This paper presents an extension of the BPMN language for modelling business processes in the cloud, integrating the concept of security to secure cloud execution. The use of our new proposed architecture and models for secure BPs is illustrated by a real-life example that demonstrates how our extension is used to define/enforce actual security requirements.

Enterprises have always given great importance to business process management to be competitive and profitable. With the advent of cloud computing, other opportunities are given to these enterprises to execute their business processes with minimal cost in a very short time. Business processes (BPs) are modelled using specific languages. BPMN is the most popular of these languages. However, its current version does not support process modelling for eventual execution in the cloud. Resource management, risk management, deployment, and security are key concepts in cloud computing that a modelling language must support. This paper presents an extension of the BPMN language for modelling business processes in the cloud, integrating the concept of security to secure cloud execution. The use of our new proposed architecture and models for secure BPs is illustrated by a real-life example that demonstrates how our extension is used to define/enforce actual security requirements.

La verbalisation métagraphique, inspirée des entretiens d’explicitation de Vermersch (1991) favorise la métacognition. En effet, le scripteur est conduit à réfléchir à la fois sur la langue écrite comme objet d’étude et sur son propre fonctionnement. Ceci nous conduit à nous demander : Quelle méthodologie mettre en place afin d’accompagner les scripteurs, à savoir des étudiants universitaires dans le retour réflexif sur le fonctionnement de la langue ? Partant de l’analyse de verbalisations métagraphiques menées avec lesdits étudiants, nous postulons à ce titre, que l’accent serait mis sur une méthodologie qui pourrait être transposée dans le milieu institutionnel et ce, afin d’aider les scripteurs à expliciter leurs cheminements cognitifs voire, leurs choix orthographiques. Abstract: The metagraphic verbalization, inspired by Vermersch's explanatory interviews (1991), promotes metacognition. Indeed, the writer is led to reflect both on the written language as an object of study and on its own functioning. This leads us to ask ourselves: Which methodology should be set up to accompany the writers, namely university students, in the reflective feedback on the functioning of the language? Starting from the analysis of metagraphic verbalizations conducted with these students, we postulate that the emphasis would be placed on a methodology that could be transposed in the institutional environment in order to help writers to explain their cognitive processes or even their spelling choices.

La verbalisation métagraphique, inspirée des entretiens d’explicitation de Vermersch (1991) favorise la métacognition. En effet, le scripteur est conduit à réfléchir à la fois sur la langue écrite comme objet d’étude et sur son propre fonctionnement. Ceci nous conduit à nous demander : Quelle méthodologie mettre en place afin d’accompagner les scripteurs, à savoir des étudiants universitaires dans le retour réflexif sur le fonctionnement de la langue ? Partant de l’analyse de verbalisations métagraphiques menées avec lesdits étudiants, nous postulons à ce titre, que l’accent serait mis sur une méthodologie qui pourrait être transposée dans le milieu institutionnel et ce, afin d’aider les scripteurs à expliciter leurs cheminements cognitifs voire, leurs choix orthographiques. Abstract: The metagraphic verbalization, inspired by Vermersch's explanatory interviews (1991), promotes metacognition. Indeed, the writer is led to reflect both on the written language as an object of study and on its own functioning. This leads us to ask ourselves: Which methodology should be set up to accompany the writers, namely university students, in the reflective feedback on the functioning of the language? Starting from the analysis of metagraphic verbalizations conducted with these students, we postulate that the emphasis would be placed on a methodology that could be transposed in the institutional environment in order to help writers to explain their cognitive processes or even their spelling choices.

Notre article est une étude littéraire qui s’articule autour d’une composante importante du texte littéraire ; le personnage romanesque. Ce concept que nous allons explorer dans trois textes : le Festin Nu de William Burroughs. La Morsure du Coquelicot de Sarah haidar, et Archéologie du Chaos (amoureux) de Mustapha Benfodil. Notre étude vise à rechercher le lien intertextuel, en l’occurrence le personnage révolté, entre les trois romans. Plusieurs renvois dans les deux textes algériens au texte américain, nous ont poussé à s’interroger sur ce lien qui pourrait les rassembler. Cette étude va être à la lumière des théories faites par Roland Barthes et Kristeva sur l’intertextualité, aussi les travaux de Philippe Hamon et Vincent Jouve sur le personnage romanesque.

Agriculture is a crucial element to build a strong economy, not only because of its importance in providing food, but also as a source of raw materials for industry as well as source of energy. Different diseases affect plants, which leads to decrease in productivity. In recent years, developments in computing technology and machine-learning algorithms (such as deep neural networks) in the field of agriculture have played a great role to face this problem by building early detection tools. In this paper, we propose an automatic plant disease classification based on a low complexity convolutional neural network(CNN)architecture, which leads to faster on-line classification. For the training process, we used more than one 57,000 tomato leaf images representing nine classes, taken under natural environment, and considered during training without background subtraction. The designed model achieves 97.04% classification accuracy and less than 0.2 error, which shows a high accuracy in distinguishing a disease from another.