This paper seeks to explore the Algerian EFL learners’ beliefs about, and attitudes towards, promoting Learner Autonomy (LA) via the implementation of Collaborative Learning (CL) as a teaching method. The study was carried out at the Department of English of Mostefa Benboulaid Batna 2 University during the academic year 2018-2019. To meet the paper’s objectives, a quantitative approach was opted for where an adapted questionnaire was administered to the first-year students. The overall results revealed the positive disposition of the Algerian EFL learners towards the use of the CL teaching method as a channel to develop their autonomy.

This paper seeks to explore the Algerian EFL learners’ beliefs about, and attitudes towards, promoting Learner Autonomy (LA) via the implementation of Collaborative Learning (CL) as a teaching method. The study was carried out at the Department of English of Mostefa Benboulaid Batna 2 University during the academic year 2018-2019. To meet the paper’s objectives, a quantitative approach was opted for where an adapted questionnaire was administered to the first-year students. The overall results revealed the positive disposition of the Algerian EFL learners towards the use of the CL teaching method as a channel to develop their autonomy.

According to several American and European scholars, intellectuals, and media experts in U.S. foreign policy, the American national security strategy had witnessed a reformulation in the 21st century after the 9/11 attacks. In reality, never after Pearl Harbor, America has experienced such a dramatic security event. For which the obvious question remains posed: President Bush’s National Security Strategy marked a new path to a universal American security measure? Did it develop a new policy process with new norms to fit the modern era? Accordingly, U.S. military intervention in Afghanistan aims to preserve; freedom, liberal values, deter terrorism, and protect the threatened American security; hence, we have come with this study to evidence that by the fact that Bush's unilateral preventive war strategy, which witnessed a blatant violation of International Law, Human Rights, and the United Nations Charter of State’s sovereignty, was no more than the natural reaction to their foreign policy adoption of duplicity. The American National Security Policy is, in reality, an overtly way of military expression policy to enforce duplicity.

According to several American and European scholars, intellectuals, and media experts in U.S. foreign policy, the American national security strategy had witnessed a reformulation in the 21st century after the 9/11 attacks. In reality, never after Pearl Harbor, America has experienced such a dramatic security event. For which the obvious question remains posed: President Bush’s National Security Strategy marked a new path to a universal American security measure? Did it develop a new policy process with new norms to fit the modern era? Accordingly, U.S. military intervention in Afghanistan aims to preserve; freedom, liberal values, deter terrorism, and protect the threatened American security; hence, we have come with this study to evidence that by the fact that Bush's unilateral preventive war strategy, which witnessed a blatant violation of International Law, Human Rights, and the United Nations Charter of State’s sovereignty, was no more than the natural reaction to their foreign policy adoption of duplicity. The American National Security Policy is, in reality, an overtly way of military expression policy to enforce duplicity.

Les mouvements de protestation populaires contemporains semblent partager deux caractéristiques : l'une est discursive et l'autre est médiologique. Sur le plan du discours, des constantes énonciatives et sémantiques traversent les mouvements en question. Sur le plan médiologique, ce sont des mouvements favorisés et facilités par des « embrayeurs médiologiques » que cette contribution se propose de mettre en évidence.

Polluted water poses significant health risks when it is part of the water sources used for irrigation, leading to the contamination of soil and plants by various pollutants. This work aims, firstly, to assess the degree of pollution of Wadi El Gourzi water (Batna, Algeria), and then to verify the consequences on their use for the irrigation of market garden plants for everyday consumption (lettuce, cilantro, parsley and spinach), both in the aerial part (stems and leaves) and in the soil where they are grown. This study focuses on trace metals (Cr, Pb, Zn and Cd). Soil pollution was assessed by calculating the soil pollution index (PI), while the uptake of these elements by plants was monitored by the transfer factor (TF). The analyses of the Wadi El Gourzi water with the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS) show a maximum abnormal concentration of Cr (17.37 mg∙dm–3), Pb (0.71 mg∙dm–3) and Cd (0.45 mg∙dm–3). For the analysis of the soils irrigated by these waters, the results of the PI show that the soils used for the cultivation of parsley and lettuce are polluted by several metals (PI > 1). The concentrations of trace metals elements (TMEs) in the sampled plants show a significant accumulation of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cr by the vegetables (coriander, parsley, spinach and lettuce). These concentrations are above the permitted standards.

Polluted water poses significant health risks when it is part of the water sources used for irrigation, leading to the contamination of soil and plants by various pollutants. This work aims, firstly, to assess the degree of pollution of Wadi El Gourzi water (Batna, Algeria), and then to verify the consequences on their use for the irrigation of market garden plants for everyday consumption (lettuce, cilantro, parsley and spinach), both in the aerial part (stems and leaves) and in the soil where they are grown. This study focuses on trace metals (Cr, Pb, Zn and Cd). Soil pollution was assessed by calculating the soil pollution index (PI), while the uptake of these elements by plants was monitored by the transfer factor (TF). The analyses of the Wadi El Gourzi water with the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS) show a maximum abnormal concentration of Cr (17.37 mg∙dm–3), Pb (0.71 mg∙dm–3) and Cd (0.45 mg∙dm–3). For the analysis of the soils irrigated by these waters, the results of the PI show that the soils used for the cultivation of parsley and lettuce are polluted by several metals (PI > 1). The concentrations of trace metals elements (TMEs) in the sampled plants show a significant accumulation of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cr by the vegetables (coriander, parsley, spinach and lettuce). These concentrations are above the permitted standards.

Considering that real estate constitutes the principal base for the various components of the field, which makes controlling it and making perfect use of it one of the most difficult challenges facing those involved in the field of reconstruction, its rational and orderly consumption allows for the sustainable growth of the urban space. The city of Aris is one of the Algerian cities that knew a loose construction policy, which led to a gradual depletion of real estate as a result of the steep decline of the area and almost total consumption of the area, in addition to the legal nature of the real estate, which is controlled by the special character, this expansion collided with an area that could not be absorbed more than it is, and an urban fabric close to saturation, which calls for optimal exploitation of the vacant pockets within the urban fabric of the city. This city’s study included analyzing the legal nature of the real estate and counting the empty pockets to reach the most important results for the optimal exploitation of these pockets in light of the population increase the city is witnessing.

Considering that real estate constitutes the principal base for the various components of the field, which makes controlling it and making perfect use of it one of the most difficult challenges facing those involved in the field of reconstruction, its rational and orderly consumption allows for the sustainable growth of the urban space. The city of Aris is one of the Algerian cities that knew a loose construction policy, which led to a gradual depletion of real estate as a result of the steep decline of the area and almost total consumption of the area, in addition to the legal nature of the real estate, which is controlled by the special character, this expansion collided with an area that could not be absorbed more than it is, and an urban fabric close to saturation, which calls for optimal exploitation of the vacant pockets within the urban fabric of the city. This city’s study included analyzing the legal nature of the real estate and counting the empty pockets to reach the most important results for the optimal exploitation of these pockets in light of the population increase the city is witnessing.

The main objective of this study is to establish a perspective orientation of urban growth in an arid region (Biskra and its neighboring oases) in south east Algeria by mobilizing the capacities of attractiveness. Taking into account climatic parameters (wind speed and temperatures) and physical parameters (land cover, slopes, and distance from roads), our approach is based on remote sensing techniques of satellite data classification and Geographic Information Systems for spatial analysis. By means of a multi-criteria analysis a decision support map of sites suitable for future urban dynamics was carried out. The results obtained show that 48% (or 71,782.25 ha) of the study area is located on land with very low sensitivity to urbanization. 9.45% at high sensitivity, 29.13% at medium sensitivity, while 13.41% at low sensitivity. The medium sensitivity zone occupies a considerable area estimated at 29.13% (a total of 43,577.58 ha). Spatially, this is reflected in uncontrolled urban sprawl to the detriment of oases and agricultural land, or land not suited to the requirements of climatic comfort in arid regions. This urbanization sensitivity map forms the basis of the prospective design of an urban model adapted and appropriate to the conditions of the oasis ecosystem through the integration of other climatic parameters.

The main objective of this study is to establish a perspective orientation of urban growth in an arid region (Biskra and its neighboring oases) in south east Algeria by mobilizing the capacities of attractiveness. Taking into account climatic parameters (wind speed and temperatures) and physical parameters (land cover, slopes, and distance from roads), our approach is based on remote sensing techniques of satellite data classification and Geographic Information Systems for spatial analysis. By means of a multi-criteria analysis a decision support map of sites suitable for future urban dynamics was carried out. The results obtained show that 48% (or 71,782.25 ha) of the study area is located on land with very low sensitivity to urbanization. 9.45% at high sensitivity, 29.13% at medium sensitivity, while 13.41% at low sensitivity. The medium sensitivity zone occupies a considerable area estimated at 29.13% (a total of 43,577.58 ha). Spatially, this is reflected in uncontrolled urban sprawl to the detriment of oases and agricultural land, or land not suited to the requirements of climatic comfort in arid regions. This urbanization sensitivity map forms the basis of the prospective design of an urban model adapted and appropriate to the conditions of the oasis ecosystem through the integration of other climatic parameters.

Toensureconfidentialityandavoidhumainattacksagainstourdata, we exchange encryption and decryption keys. In our proposal scheme, we use the commutative properties of the product of circular matrices to create a com monencryptionkeybyapplyingtheprotocolof Diffie-Hellmanexchangethrough a classic channel. To raise the security level of our system we have introduced the sensibility of chaotic logistic maps in another exchange protocol which is the BB84throuth a quantum channal.

Toensureconfidentialityandavoidhumainattacksagainstourdata, we exchange encryption and decryption keys. In our proposal scheme, we use the commutative properties of the product of circular matrices to create a com monencryptionkeybyapplyingtheprotocolof Diffie-Hellmanexchangethrough a classic channel. To raise the security level of our system we have introduced the sensibility of chaotic logistic maps in another exchange protocol which is the BB84throuth a quantum channal.

Toensureconfidentialityandavoidhumainattacksagainstourdata, we exchange encryption and decryption keys. In our proposal scheme, we use the commutative properties of the product of circular matrices to create a com monencryptionkeybyapplyingtheprotocolof Diffie-Hellmanexchangethrough a classic channel. To raise the security level of our system we have introduced the sensibility of chaotic logistic maps in another exchange protocol which is the BB84throuth a quantum channal.

Due to the rapid growth of digital videos and the massive increase in video content, there is an urgent need to develop efficient automatic video content analysis mechanisms for different tasks, namely summarization, retrieval, and classification. In all these applications, one needs to identify shot boundary detection. This paper proposes a novel dual-stage approach for cut transition detection that can withstand certain illumination and motion effects. Firstly, we present a deep neural network model using the pre-trained model combined with long short-term memory LSTM network and the euclidean distance metric. Two parallel pre-trained models sharing the same weights extract the spatial features. Then, these features are fed to the LSTM and the euclidean distance metric to classify the frames into specific categories (similar or not similar). To train the model, we generated a new database containing 5000 frame pairs with two labels (similar, dissimilar) for training and 1000 frame pairs for testing from online videos. Secondly, we adopt the segment selection process to predict the shot boundaries. This preprocessing method can help improve the accuracy and speed of the VSBD algorithm. Then, cut transition detection based on the similarity model is conducted to identify the shot boundaries in the candidate segments. Experimental results on standard databases TRECVid 2001, 2007, and RAI show that the proposed approach achieves better detection rates over the state-of-the-art SBD methods in terms of the F1 score criterion.

Due to the rapid growth of digital videos and the massive increase in video content, there is an urgent need to develop efficient automatic video content analysis mechanisms for different tasks, namely summarization, retrieval, and classification. In all these applications, one needs to identify shot boundary detection. This paper proposes a novel dual-stage approach for cut transition detection that can withstand certain illumination and motion effects. Firstly, we present a deep neural network model using the pre-trained model combined with long short-term memory LSTM network and the euclidean distance metric. Two parallel pre-trained models sharing the same weights extract the spatial features. Then, these features are fed to the LSTM and the euclidean distance metric to classify the frames into specific categories (similar or not similar). To train the model, we generated a new database containing 5000 frame pairs with two labels (similar, dissimilar) for training and 1000 frame pairs for testing from online videos. Secondly, we adopt the segment selection process to predict the shot boundaries. This preprocessing method can help improve the accuracy and speed of the VSBD algorithm. Then, cut transition detection based on the similarity model is conducted to identify the shot boundaries in the candidate segments. Experimental results on standard databases TRECVid 2001, 2007, and RAI show that the proposed approach achieves better detection rates over the state-of-the-art SBD methods in terms of the F1 score criterion.

The complications arising after the transplantation of conventional stents put atherosclerotic cardiovascular patients at high risk. Biodegradable poly-lactic acid (PLA) stents provide practical solutions for diseased vessels (atherosclerotic) and avoid the side complications of vessels and their incompatibility with permanent stents in the long term. PLA is a biodegradable and reliable material that is used for biodegradable stents designs to maintain natural mechanical behaviour in blood vessels. In this study, we suggest a new cross section ‘circular and elliptic’ that are proposed based on basic square shape cross section to study the mechanical behaviour of stents under pulsatile blood pressure in the blood vessels in order to choose the best shape to allow the biodegradability of Absorb stents with Poly-lactic Acid (PLA) material by numerical fatigue study. Three types of cross-sections stents struts have been analysed to compare their mechanical properties in terms of stress, strain, fatigue damage and life cycle. The numerical results obtained from the finite element analysis (FEA) method demonstrate that the elliptical and circular stents design has better efficiency in terms of stress and strain (16.66–33.33%) and fatigue damage (62.4–86.07%) compared to the square design.

The complications arising after the transplantation of conventional stents put atherosclerotic cardiovascular patients at high risk. Biodegradable poly-lactic acid (PLA) stents provide practical solutions for diseased vessels (atherosclerotic) and avoid the side complications of vessels and their incompatibility with permanent stents in the long term. PLA is a biodegradable and reliable material that is used for biodegradable stents designs to maintain natural mechanical behaviour in blood vessels. In this study, we suggest a new cross section ‘circular and elliptic’ that are proposed based on basic square shape cross section to study the mechanical behaviour of stents under pulsatile blood pressure in the blood vessels in order to choose the best shape to allow the biodegradability of Absorb stents with Poly-lactic Acid (PLA) material by numerical fatigue study. Three types of cross-sections stents struts have been analysed to compare their mechanical properties in terms of stress, strain, fatigue damage and life cycle. The numerical results obtained from the finite element analysis (FEA) method demonstrate that the elliptical and circular stents design has better efficiency in terms of stress and strain (16.66–33.33%) and fatigue damage (62.4–86.07%) compared to the square design.

The complications arising after the transplantation of conventional stents put atherosclerotic cardiovascular patients at high risk. Biodegradable poly-lactic acid (PLA) stents provide practical solutions for diseased vessels (atherosclerotic) and avoid the side complications of vessels and their incompatibility with permanent stents in the long term. PLA is a biodegradable and reliable material that is used for biodegradable stents designs to maintain natural mechanical behaviour in blood vessels. In this study, we suggest a new cross section ‘circular and elliptic’ that are proposed based on basic square shape cross section to study the mechanical behaviour of stents under pulsatile blood pressure in the blood vessels in order to choose the best shape to allow the biodegradability of Absorb stents with Poly-lactic Acid (PLA) material by numerical fatigue study. Three types of cross-sections stents struts have been analysed to compare their mechanical properties in terms of stress, strain, fatigue damage and life cycle. The numerical results obtained from the finite element analysis (FEA) method demonstrate that the elliptical and circular stents design has better efficiency in terms of stress and strain (16.66–33.33%) and fatigue damage (62.4–86.07%) compared to the square design.

The complications arising after the transplantation of conventional stents put atherosclerotic cardiovascular patients at high risk. Biodegradable poly-lactic acid (PLA) stents provide practical solutions for diseased vessels (atherosclerotic) and avoid the side complications of vessels and their incompatibility with permanent stents in the long term. PLA is a biodegradable and reliable material that is used for biodegradable stents designs to maintain natural mechanical behaviour in blood vessels. In this study, we suggest a new cross section ‘circular and elliptic’ that are proposed based on basic square shape cross section to study the mechanical behaviour of stents under pulsatile blood pressure in the blood vessels in order to choose the best shape to allow the biodegradability of Absorb stents with Poly-lactic Acid (PLA) material by numerical fatigue study. Three types of cross-sections stents struts have been analysed to compare their mechanical properties in terms of stress, strain, fatigue damage and life cycle. The numerical results obtained from the finite element analysis (FEA) method demonstrate that the elliptical and circular stents design has better efficiency in terms of stress and strain (16.66–33.33%) and fatigue damage (62.4–86.07%) compared to the square design.