الهدف من دراستنا هو معرفة محددات عمليتي انتقاء وتوجيه لاعبي كرة القدم نحو مناصب اللعب و من أجل هذا الغرض استخدمنا المنهج الوصفي معتمدا على استبيان طبق على عينة قدرت ب 30 مدرب لفئتي أقل من 15 و 17 سنة لرابطة باتنة الجهوية تم اختيارهم بالطريقة العشوائية وتوصلنا في دراستنا إلى أن غالبية المدربين لا يعتمدون على الاختبارات البدنية و الفزيولوجية و القياسات المرفولوجية لانتقاء و توجيه اللعبين نحو مناصب اللعب و يكتفون بالملاحظة البيداغوجية خلال المقابلات التجريبية وبناءا على نتائج الدراسة أوصى طاقم البحث بضرورة وضع بطارية إختبارات موحدة يستند عليها مدربوا الفئات الشبانية في عمليتي الإنتقاء و التوجيه.

The aim of our study is to know the determinants of the processes of selection and orientation of soccer players to playing positions, and for this we used the descriptive approach based on a questionnaire applied to a sample of 30 coaches U15 and U17 of the Regional League of Batna who were selected by random method, and we found that the majority of coaches do not rely on physical and physiological tests and morphological measurements to select and orient players to playing positions, but they are satisfied only with a pedagogical observation through games of selection and orientations, and based on the results of the study, the research group recommended the need to develop a standardized test battery that youth trainers rely on for selection and orientation processes.

يجب ان يتصف لاعب كرة القدم بدرجة عالية من اللياقة البدنية حتى يتمكن من تنفيذ المهام البدنية والمهارية والخططية وتعد السرعة الهوائية القصوى احد اهم متطلبات اللياقة البدنية التي يحتاج اليها لاعب كرة القدم حيث تعتبر مؤشر اللياقة البدنية وسلاحه الاول ولهذا اردنا الوقوف على اهمية السرعة الهوائية القصوى وعلاقتها الوطيدة لتحديد منصب اللعب لدى لاعبي كرة القدم اقل من 19 سنة وذلك بتطبيق اختبار vameval على عينة تمثلت في فئة اواسط فريقي ترجي باركافوراج وفريق جامعة باتانة بمعدل 20 لاعب من كلا الفريقين متوزعين ب 6 لاعبين في الدفاع من كل فريق و 4 لاعبين في الوسط من كل فريق فكانت النتائج كالاتي : لايوجد فرق دال احصائيا في السرعة الهوائية القصوى بين مناصب اللعب في وسط الميدان لدى افراد العينة لايوجد فرق دال احصائيا في السرعة الهوائية القصوى بين مناصب اللعب في الدفاع لدى افراد العينة.

The soccer player must be characterized by a high degree of physical fitness to be able to carry out physical, skill and tactical tasks. The maximum aerobic speed is one of the most important fitness requirements that a soccer player needs. The foot is considered the indicator of physical fitness and its first weapon That is why we wanted to stand on the importance of the maximum aerobic speed and its close relationship to determine the playing position of football players under 19 years old, by applying the vameval test on a sample represented in the middle class of the Esperance Barcaforage teams and the Batna University team with an average of 20 players from both teams distributed with 6 players in defense from Each team and 4 players in the middle of each team, the results were as follows: There is no statistically significant difference in the maximum air speed between the playing positions in the middle of the field among the sample members There is no statistically significant difference in the maximum aerobic speed between the playing positions in defense among the sample members.

يجب ان يتصف لاعب كرة القدم بدرجة عالية من اللياقة البدنية حتى يتمكن من تنفيذ المهام البدنية والمهارية والخططية وتعد السرعة الهوائية القصوى احد اهم متطلبات اللياقة البدنية التي يحتاج اليها لاعب كرة القدم حيث تعتبر مؤشر اللياقة البدنية وسلاحه الاول ولهذا اردنا الوقوف على اهمية السرعة الهوائية القصوى وعلاقتها الوطيدة لتحديد منصب اللعب لدى لاعبي كرة القدم اقل من 19 سنة وذلك بتطبيق اختبار vameval على عينة تمثلت في فئة اواسط فريقي ترجي باركافوراج وفريق جامعة باتانة بمعدل 20 لاعب من كلا الفريقين متوزعين ب 6 لاعبين في الدفاع من كل فريق و 4 لاعبين في الوسط من كل فريق فكانت النتائج كالاتي : لايوجد فرق دال احصائيا في السرعة الهوائية القصوى بين مناصب اللعب في وسط الميدان لدى افراد العينة لايوجد فرق دال احصائيا في السرعة الهوائية القصوى بين مناصب اللعب في الدفاع لدى افراد العينة.

The soccer player must be characterized by a high degree of physical fitness to be able to carry out physical, skill and tactical tasks. The maximum aerobic speed is one of the most important fitness requirements that a soccer player needs. The foot is considered the indicator of physical fitness and its first weapon That is why we wanted to stand on the importance of the maximum aerobic speed and its close relationship to determine the playing position of football players under 19 years old, by applying the vameval test on a sample represented in the middle class of the Esperance Barcaforage teams and the Batna University team with an average of 20 players from both teams distributed with 6 players in defense from Each team and 4 players in the middle of each team, the results were as follows: There is no statistically significant difference in the maximum air speed between the playing positions in the middle of the field among the sample members There is no statistically significant difference in the maximum aerobic speed between the playing positions in defense among the sample members.

The object of this paper is to spotlight a totally new language phenomenon known as The SMS (Short Message Service), in Algerian society, especially the city of Batna, which is gaining field every day with the large use of the mobile phone by all population categories, such as students, young pupils, (even primary schools ones), workers, etc. This research will try to uncover the different abbreviation strategies and techniques used by Algerian users, to gain characters; which means more space on their small screens, time and also money, how do they do to take advantage of a small device; like a mobile phone to express their feelings, ideas, though, how to tell lot with a very few words!? Keywords: SMS; language; abbreviation strategies; mobile phone; users. Résumé : Le présent article, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre des nouvelles pratiques linguistiques électroniques, a pour objectif le langage SMS, dans la société algérienne, plus précisément la ville de Batna. Il semble, en effet, gagner du terrain, avec chaque nouvel usager de la téléphonie mobile. C'est une recherche qui a comme composante élémentaire les stratégies abréviatives des utilisateurs algériens du téléphone portable, en tenant compte du côté scriptural, où nous tenterons de voir comment ils font pour s'exprimer avec le peu de caractères dont ils disposent sur un écran aussi réduit, avec un clavier d'une ergonomie qui laisse à désirer. Les mots clés : langage SMS, téléphonie mobile, écran, clavier réduit, abréviations.

The object of this paper is to spotlight a totally new language phenomenon known as The SMS (Short Message Service), in Algerian society, especially the city of Batna, which is gaining field every day with the large use of the mobile phone by all population categories, such as students, young pupils, (even primary schools ones), workers, etc. This research will try to uncover the different abbreviation strategies and techniques used by Algerian users, to gain characters; which means more space on their small screens, time and also money, how do they do to take advantage of a small device; like a mobile phone to express their feelings, ideas, though, how to tell lot with a very few words!? Keywords: SMS; language; abbreviation strategies; mobile phone; users. Résumé : Le présent article, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre des nouvelles pratiques linguistiques électroniques, a pour objectif le langage SMS, dans la société algérienne, plus précisément la ville de Batna. Il semble, en effet, gagner du terrain, avec chaque nouvel usager de la téléphonie mobile. C'est une recherche qui a comme composante élémentaire les stratégies abréviatives des utilisateurs algériens du téléphone portable, en tenant compte du côté scriptural, où nous tenterons de voir comment ils font pour s'exprimer avec le peu de caractères dont ils disposent sur un écran aussi réduit, avec un clavier d'une ergonomie qui laisse à désirer. Les mots clés : langage SMS, téléphonie mobile, écran, clavier réduit, abréviations.

The current study concerns the use of azeotropic mixtures in single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system configurations to determine the effect of entrainment ratio on the coefficient of performance. Three single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system configurations are used. The effects of condenser and evaporator temperatures on the single-stage refrigeration system are investigated. The used azeotropic mixtures are: R1234yf + R290, R1234yf + R152a, R1234yf + R600a, R134a + R290, R134a + R600a and R1270 + R134a. It is shown that the simulations results are in good agreement with the literature. The R1234yf + R290 mixture in refrigeration cycle give the highest coefficient of performance and entrainment ratio. The coefficient of performance (COP) increases with increasing of entrainment ratio.

The current study concerns the use of azeotropic mixtures in single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system configurations to determine the effect of entrainment ratio on the coefficient of performance. Three single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system configurations are used. The effects of condenser and evaporator temperatures on the single-stage refrigeration system are investigated. The used azeotropic mixtures are: R1234yf + R290, R1234yf + R152a, R1234yf + R600a, R134a + R290, R134a + R600a and R1270 + R134a. It is shown that the simulations results are in good agreement with the literature. The R1234yf + R290 mixture in refrigeration cycle give the highest coefficient of performance and entrainment ratio. The coefficient of performance (COP) increases with increasing of entrainment ratio.

The current study concerns the use of azeotropic mixtures in single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system configurations to determine the effect of entrainment ratio on the coefficient of performance. Three single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system configurations are used. The effects of condenser and evaporator temperatures on the single-stage refrigeration system are investigated. The used azeotropic mixtures are: R1234yf + R290, R1234yf + R152a, R1234yf + R600a, R134a + R290, R134a + R600a and R1270 + R134a. It is shown that the simulations results are in good agreement with the literature. The R1234yf + R290 mixture in refrigeration cycle give the highest coefficient of performance and entrainment ratio. The coefficient of performance (COP) increases with increasing of entrainment ratio.

The current study concerns the use of azeotropic mixtures in single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system configurations to determine the effect of entrainment ratio on the coefficient of performance. Three single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system configurations are used. The effects of condenser and evaporator temperatures on the single-stage refrigeration system are investigated. The used azeotropic mixtures are: R1234yf + R290, R1234yf + R152a, R1234yf + R600a, R134a + R290, R134a + R600a and R1270 + R134a. It is shown that the simulations results are in good agreement with the literature. The R1234yf + R290 mixture in refrigeration cycle give the highest coefficient of performance and entrainment ratio. The coefficient of performance (COP) increases with increasing of entrainment ratio.

This paper is about the study of the well-posedness of a stochastic Cahn-Hilliard equation driven by white noise induced by a Q-Brownian motion. The proof of the existence of a unique global solution relies on the Galerkin method together with a monotonicity method.

This paper is about the study of the well-posedness of a stochastic Cahn-Hilliard equation driven by white noise induced by a Q-Brownian motion. The proof of the existence of a unique global solution relies on the Galerkin method together with a monotonicity method.

Recently, Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC) in the multi-intersection system is considered as one of the most critical issues in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Among the proposed AI-based approaches, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has been largely applied while showing better performances. This paper proposes a new DRL-based cooperative approach for controlling multiple intersections. The problem is modelled as a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) system, while each agent is trained to select the best action to control an intersection by obtaining information about its local lanes state. The cooperation aspect is manifested in this approach by considering the effect of the state, action and reward of neighbour agents in the process of policy learning. An intersection controller applies a Deep Q-Network (DQN) method, while transferring state, action and reward received from their neighbour agents to its own loss function during the learning process. The experimental results under different scenarios shows that the proposed approach outperforms many state-of-the-art approaches in terms of three metrics: Average Waiting Time (AWT), Average Queue Length (AQL) and Average Emission CO₂ (AEC). In addition, the cooperation between the different trained DRL-based controllers allows the system to continuously learn and improve its performance by interacting with the environment, particularly when the traffic is congested.

Recently, Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC) in the multi-intersection system is considered as one of the most critical issues in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Among the proposed AI-based approaches, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has been largely applied while showing better performances. This paper proposes a new DRL-based cooperative approach for controlling multiple intersections. The problem is modelled as a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) system, while each agent is trained to select the best action to control an intersection by obtaining information about its local lanes state. The cooperation aspect is manifested in this approach by considering the effect of the state, action and reward of neighbour agents in the process of policy learning. An intersection controller applies a Deep Q-Network (DQN) method, while transferring state, action and reward received from their neighbour agents to its own loss function during the learning process. The experimental results under different scenarios shows that the proposed approach outperforms many state-of-the-art approaches in terms of three metrics: Average Waiting Time (AWT), Average Queue Length (AQL) and Average Emission CO₂ (AEC). In addition, the cooperation between the different trained DRL-based controllers allows the system to continuously learn and improve its performance by interacting with the environment, particularly when the traffic is congested.

Recently, Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC) in the multi-intersection system is considered as one of the most critical issues in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Among the proposed AI-based approaches, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has been largely applied while showing better performances. This paper proposes a new DRL-based cooperative approach for controlling multiple intersections. The problem is modelled as a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) system, while each agent is trained to select the best action to control an intersection by obtaining information about its local lanes state. The cooperation aspect is manifested in this approach by considering the effect of the state, action and reward of neighbour agents in the process of policy learning. An intersection controller applies a Deep Q-Network (DQN) method, while transferring state, action and reward received from their neighbour agents to its own loss function during the learning process. The experimental results under different scenarios shows that the proposed approach outperforms many state-of-the-art approaches in terms of three metrics: Average Waiting Time (AWT), Average Queue Length (AQL) and Average Emission CO₂ (AEC). In addition, the cooperation between the different trained DRL-based controllers allows the system to continuously learn and improve its performance by interacting with the environment, particularly when the traffic is congested.

In this paper, we consider the stationary problem in three dimensional thin domain ΩεΩε with maximal monotone graph and Tresca conditions. In the first step, we present the problem statement and give the variational formulation. We then study the asymptotic behavior when one dimension of the domain tends to zero. In the latter case a specific Reynolds limit equation is obtained and the uniqueness of the displacement of the limit problem are proved.

In this paper, we consider the stationary problem in three dimensional thin domain ΩεΩε with maximal monotone graph and Tresca conditions. In the first step, we present the problem statement and give the variational formulation. We then study the asymptotic behavior when one dimension of the domain tends to zero. In the latter case a specific Reynolds limit equation is obtained and the uniqueness of the displacement of the limit problem are proved.

In most industrial environments, vibration analysis is widely used for fault diagnosis of rolling bearings. The vibration signal measured from a bearing represents a mixture of motor vibration, rolling vibration, noise, and other sources. Due to the high cost of devices and limited space, only one sensor can be installed to measure this signal. In this paper, a feature extraction method based on Single Channel Blind Source Separation (SCBSS) and Normal Distribution (ND) is proposed for vibration monitoring of rolling element bearings. To decompose the bearing signal, SCBSS is applied for separating the different sources. Because ND is sensitive to the type of fault, it is used as criterion to find an output that contains the maximum information about the fault by removing the other sources. In fact, the obtained signal contains other vibrations which affect the correct source of fault. A second SCBSS filter is, therefore, proposed to decompose the selected source and thus improves the performance of fault diagnosis. The application of the proposed method is carried out on a deep groove ball bearing with outer race fault, ball fault, and inner race fault in order to better validate the diagnosis results.

In most industrial environments, vibration analysis is widely used for fault diagnosis of rolling bearings. The vibration signal measured from a bearing represents a mixture of motor vibration, rolling vibration, noise, and other sources. Due to the high cost of devices and limited space, only one sensor can be installed to measure this signal. In this paper, a feature extraction method based on Single Channel Blind Source Separation (SCBSS) and Normal Distribution (ND) is proposed for vibration monitoring of rolling element bearings. To decompose the bearing signal, SCBSS is applied for separating the different sources. Because ND is sensitive to the type of fault, it is used as criterion to find an output that contains the maximum information about the fault by removing the other sources. In fact, the obtained signal contains other vibrations which affect the correct source of fault. A second SCBSS filter is, therefore, proposed to decompose the selected source and thus improves the performance of fault diagnosis. The application of the proposed method is carried out on a deep groove ball bearing with outer race fault, ball fault, and inner race fault in order to better validate the diagnosis results.

In most industrial environments, vibration analysis is widely used for fault diagnosis of rolling bearings. The vibration signal measured from a bearing represents a mixture of motor vibration, rolling vibration, noise, and other sources. Due to the high cost of devices and limited space, only one sensor can be installed to measure this signal. In this paper, a feature extraction method based on Single Channel Blind Source Separation (SCBSS) and Normal Distribution (ND) is proposed for vibration monitoring of rolling element bearings. To decompose the bearing signal, SCBSS is applied for separating the different sources. Because ND is sensitive to the type of fault, it is used as criterion to find an output that contains the maximum information about the fault by removing the other sources. In fact, the obtained signal contains other vibrations which affect the correct source of fault. A second SCBSS filter is, therefore, proposed to decompose the selected source and thus improves the performance of fault diagnosis. The application of the proposed method is carried out on a deep groove ball bearing with outer race fault, ball fault, and inner race fault in order to better validate the diagnosis results.

This paper proposed a new strategy of sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique to control three-phase nine-level switched-capacitor inverter (9LSCI) in grid-connected PV systems. The main advantage of this inverter is high voltage gain, achieved by switching the capacitors in series and parallel to boost up the output voltage using low voltage input. To improve the quality of solar energy for injection into the electrical grid, a rooted tree optimization (RTO) algorithm is used to get optimum values of initial angles of multi carriers SPWM technique, giving the lowest possible values of the total harmonic distortion (THD). The design also can maximize the efficiency of the multi-level inverter by minimizing its size using fewer components and a single DC source and reducing the rate of THD. The higher effectiveness and accuracy of the suggested RTO-SPWM technique was tested and verified in comparison to existing classical SPWM technique from the performance of PV-grid systems that it can effectively reduce the total harmonic distortion to 0.16 %.