Turbulent flows are characterized by the presence of "scales of fluctuations", or "structures" of varying magnitudes, the effects in which the mixing, transfer and dissipation of energy are preponderant. Most importantly, dissipation determines the depth profile of the flow. This contribution aims to implement a model able to predict unsteady turbulent flows generated by the presence of obstacles in a channel with complex geometry and to report, where the complexity of the phenomena are observed, such as: the separation of the boundary layer, the succession of vortices, local heat transfers, and the recirculation zones in the wake of obstacles and the oscillatory regime of the hydraulic jump for which this research is of exclusive interest. The current work therefore, presents the numerical simulation in unsteady turbulent regime based on the resolution of balance equations, using the RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes) approach with an RNG k−ε closure model. To solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations governing these flows, we appealed to the motivated finite volume method, and its ability to process complex geometries. The simulation software FLUENT we used is based on the finite volume method. It allows to explore, the velocity and pressure fields in the digital channel of the studied flows.

Turbulent flows are characterized by the presence of "scales of fluctuations", or "structures" of varying magnitudes, the effects in which the mixing, transfer and dissipation of energy are preponderant. Most importantly, dissipation determines the depth profile of the flow. This contribution aims to implement a model able to predict unsteady turbulent flows generated by the presence of obstacles in a channel with complex geometry and to report, where the complexity of the phenomena are observed, such as: the separation of the boundary layer, the succession of vortices, local heat transfers, and the recirculation zones in the wake of obstacles and the oscillatory regime of the hydraulic jump for which this research is of exclusive interest. The current work therefore, presents the numerical simulation in unsteady turbulent regime based on the resolution of balance equations, using the RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes) approach with an RNG k−ε closure model. To solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations governing these flows, we appealed to the motivated finite volume method, and its ability to process complex geometries. The simulation software FLUENT we used is based on the finite volume method. It allows to explore, the velocity and pressure fields in the digital channel of the studied flows.

This paper deals with multi-agent energy management and fault tolerant control of the micro-grid powered by wind farm based on two doubly fed induction generators. The stator flux orientation has used to eliminate the active and reactive power coupling. The proposed control scheme is based on two cascades closed loops. The inner controllers concern the rotor currents. The outer controllers have a parallel configuration with the stator voltage or the stator power control. Switching between these two controllers is realized by the synchronization mechanism. All controllers are designed with Lyapunov approach associated with sliding-mode control, this solution shows good robustness against parameter variations, measurement errors and faults. The global asymptotic stability of the overall system is proven. After that, a Multi-agent energy management was proposed and tested in order to satisfy some objectives and overcome some constraints. The advantages of the wind energy integration associated with multi-agent energy management are: production cost minimization, reduction of the carbon emissions, increasing the energy autonomy and he robustness against weather conditions and faults that may occur during operation. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control.

This paper deals with multi-agent energy management and fault tolerant control of the micro-grid powered by wind farm based on two doubly fed induction generators. The stator flux orientation has used to eliminate the active and reactive power coupling. The proposed control scheme is based on two cascades closed loops. The inner controllers concern the rotor currents. The outer controllers have a parallel configuration with the stator voltage or the stator power control. Switching between these two controllers is realized by the synchronization mechanism. All controllers are designed with Lyapunov approach associated with sliding-mode control, this solution shows good robustness against parameter variations, measurement errors and faults. The global asymptotic stability of the overall system is proven. After that, a Multi-agent energy management was proposed and tested in order to satisfy some objectives and overcome some constraints. The advantages of the wind energy integration associated with multi-agent energy management are: production cost minimization, reduction of the carbon emissions, increasing the energy autonomy and he robustness against weather conditions and faults that may occur during operation. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control.

This paper deals with multi-agent energy management and fault tolerant control of the micro-grid powered by wind farm based on two doubly fed induction generators. The stator flux orientation has used to eliminate the active and reactive power coupling. The proposed control scheme is based on two cascades closed loops. The inner controllers concern the rotor currents. The outer controllers have a parallel configuration with the stator voltage or the stator power control. Switching between these two controllers is realized by the synchronization mechanism. All controllers are designed with Lyapunov approach associated with sliding-mode control, this solution shows good robustness against parameter variations, measurement errors and faults. The global asymptotic stability of the overall system is proven. After that, a Multi-agent energy management was proposed and tested in order to satisfy some objectives and overcome some constraints. The advantages of the wind energy integration associated with multi-agent energy management are: production cost minimization, reduction of the carbon emissions, increasing the energy autonomy and he robustness against weather conditions and faults that may occur during operation. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control.

This paper deals with multi-agent energy management and fault tolerant control of the micro-grid powered by wind farm based on two doubly fed induction generators. The stator flux orientation has used to eliminate the active and reactive power coupling. The proposed control scheme is based on two cascades closed loops. The inner controllers concern the rotor currents. The outer controllers have a parallel configuration with the stator voltage or the stator power control. Switching between these two controllers is realized by the synchronization mechanism. All controllers are designed with Lyapunov approach associated with sliding-mode control, this solution shows good robustness against parameter variations, measurement errors and faults. The global asymptotic stability of the overall system is proven. After that, a Multi-agent energy management was proposed and tested in order to satisfy some objectives and overcome some constraints. The advantages of the wind energy integration associated with multi-agent energy management are: production cost minimization, reduction of the carbon emissions, increasing the energy autonomy and he robustness against weather conditions and faults that may occur during operation. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control.

Amniotic band syndrome (ABS) was first described by Montgomery in Montgomery (1832). It is a poorly known congenital malformation due to strangulation of the organs by an amniotic fibrous band. Several parts of the body can be affected: for instance, skull, face, neck, trunk and musculoskeletal system. It generally associates three types of anomalies namely, amputations, deformities, and malformations. There are two genuine theories covering this syndrome; the Intrinsic Theory associating the syndrome to a germline defect and the Purely Mechanical Extrinsic Theory related to the amniotic band. These theories have thoroughly tried to explain the disease and the organ involvement (Goldfarb et al., 2009). In the current study, we report a rare case of an open fracture of both leg bones with amniotic disease in a 10-day-old neonate who underwent surgical treatment. In our case, it is a surgical emergency where we try to explain its physiopathology and show how to operate it. We discuss likewise the appropriateness of using the expressions “leg fracture” and “congenital pseudarthrosis of the leg”. Finally, we describe a revised classification by Hall (1982) and Weinzweig (1994) of ABS incorporating a stage with bone involvement.

Amniotic band syndrome (ABS) was first described by Montgomery in Montgomery (1832). It is a poorly known congenital malformation due to strangulation of the organs by an amniotic fibrous band. Several parts of the body can be affected: for instance, skull, face, neck, trunk and musculoskeletal system. It generally associates three types of anomalies namely, amputations, deformities, and malformations. There are two genuine theories covering this syndrome; the Intrinsic Theory associating the syndrome to a germline defect and the Purely Mechanical Extrinsic Theory related to the amniotic band. These theories have thoroughly tried to explain the disease and the organ involvement (Goldfarb et al., 2009). In the current study, we report a rare case of an open fracture of both leg bones with amniotic disease in a 10-day-old neonate who underwent surgical treatment. In our case, it is a surgical emergency where we try to explain its physiopathology and show how to operate it. We discuss likewise the appropriateness of using the expressions “leg fracture” and “congenital pseudarthrosis of the leg”. Finally, we describe a revised classification by Hall (1982) and Weinzweig (1994) of ABS incorporating a stage with bone involvement.

Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) compounds are potent toxicants commonly used in numerous industries. Thus, potential toxic effects and health hazards are of high relevance. Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are known for their antioxidant and chemoprotective properties. However, little is known about their protective effects against CrVI-induced renal damage during pregnancy. In this context, the present study aimed to investigate the protective efficacy of these two essential elements against potassium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity in pregnant Wistar Albino rats. Female rats were divided into control and four treated groups of six each receiving subcutaneously on the 3rd day of pregnancy, K₂Cr₂O₇ (10 mg/kg, s.c. single dose) alone, or in association with Se (0.3 mg/kg, s.c. single dose), ZnCl₂ (20 mg/kg, s.c. single dose) or both of them simultaneously. The nephrotoxic effects were monitored by the evaluation of plasma renal parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, DNA damage, and renal Cr content. The obtained results showed that K₂Cr₂O₇ disturbed renal biochemical markers, induced oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation in kidney tissues, and altered renal histoarchitecture. The co-administration of Se and/or ZnCl₂ has exhibited pronounced chelative, antioxidant, and genoprotective effects against K₂Cr₂O₇-induced renal damage and attenuated partially the histopathological alterations. These results suggest that Se and Zn can be used as efficient nephroprotective agents against K₂Cr₂O₇-induced toxicity in pregnant Wistar Albino rats.

Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) compounds are potent toxicants commonly used in numerous industries. Thus, potential toxic effects and health hazards are of high relevance. Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are known for their antioxidant and chemoprotective properties. However, little is known about their protective effects against CrVI-induced renal damage during pregnancy. In this context, the present study aimed to investigate the protective efficacy of these two essential elements against potassium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity in pregnant Wistar Albino rats. Female rats were divided into control and four treated groups of six each receiving subcutaneously on the 3rd day of pregnancy, K₂Cr₂O₇ (10 mg/kg, s.c. single dose) alone, or in association with Se (0.3 mg/kg, s.c. single dose), ZnCl₂ (20 mg/kg, s.c. single dose) or both of them simultaneously. The nephrotoxic effects were monitored by the evaluation of plasma renal parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, DNA damage, and renal Cr content. The obtained results showed that K₂Cr₂O₇ disturbed renal biochemical markers, induced oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation in kidney tissues, and altered renal histoarchitecture. The co-administration of Se and/or ZnCl₂ has exhibited pronounced chelative, antioxidant, and genoprotective effects against K₂Cr₂O₇-induced renal damage and attenuated partially the histopathological alterations. These results suggest that Se and Zn can be used as efficient nephroprotective agents against K₂Cr₂O₇-induced toxicity in pregnant Wistar Albino rats.

Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) compounds are potent toxicants commonly used in numerous industries. Thus, potential toxic effects and health hazards are of high relevance. Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are known for their antioxidant and chemoprotective properties. However, little is known about their protective effects against CrVI-induced renal damage during pregnancy. In this context, the present study aimed to investigate the protective efficacy of these two essential elements against potassium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity in pregnant Wistar Albino rats. Female rats were divided into control and four treated groups of six each receiving subcutaneously on the 3rd day of pregnancy, K₂Cr₂O₇ (10 mg/kg, s.c. single dose) alone, or in association with Se (0.3 mg/kg, s.c. single dose), ZnCl₂ (20 mg/kg, s.c. single dose) or both of them simultaneously. The nephrotoxic effects were monitored by the evaluation of plasma renal parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, DNA damage, and renal Cr content. The obtained results showed that K₂Cr₂O₇ disturbed renal biochemical markers, induced oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation in kidney tissues, and altered renal histoarchitecture. The co-administration of Se and/or ZnCl₂ has exhibited pronounced chelative, antioxidant, and genoprotective effects against K₂Cr₂O₇-induced renal damage and attenuated partially the histopathological alterations. These results suggest that Se and Zn can be used as efficient nephroprotective agents against K₂Cr₂O₇-induced toxicity in pregnant Wistar Albino rats.

Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) compounds are potent toxicants commonly used in numerous industries. Thus, potential toxic effects and health hazards are of high relevance. Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are known for their antioxidant and chemoprotective properties. However, little is known about their protective effects against CrVI-induced renal damage during pregnancy. In this context, the present study aimed to investigate the protective efficacy of these two essential elements against potassium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity in pregnant Wistar Albino rats. Female rats were divided into control and four treated groups of six each receiving subcutaneously on the 3rd day of pregnancy, K₂Cr₂O₇ (10 mg/kg, s.c. single dose) alone, or in association with Se (0.3 mg/kg, s.c. single dose), ZnCl₂ (20 mg/kg, s.c. single dose) or both of them simultaneously. The nephrotoxic effects were monitored by the evaluation of plasma renal parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, DNA damage, and renal Cr content. The obtained results showed that K₂Cr₂O₇ disturbed renal biochemical markers, induced oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation in kidney tissues, and altered renal histoarchitecture. The co-administration of Se and/or ZnCl₂ has exhibited pronounced chelative, antioxidant, and genoprotective effects against K₂Cr₂O₇-induced renal damage and attenuated partially the histopathological alterations. These results suggest that Se and Zn can be used as efficient nephroprotective agents against K₂Cr₂O₇-induced toxicity in pregnant Wistar Albino rats.

Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) compounds are potent toxicants commonly used in numerous industries. Thus, potential toxic effects and health hazards are of high relevance. Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are known for their antioxidant and chemoprotective properties. However, little is known about their protective effects against CrVI-induced renal damage during pregnancy. In this context, the present study aimed to investigate the protective efficacy of these two essential elements against potassium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity in pregnant Wistar Albino rats. Female rats were divided into control and four treated groups of six each receiving subcutaneously on the 3rd day of pregnancy, K₂Cr₂O₇ (10 mg/kg, s.c. single dose) alone, or in association with Se (0.3 mg/kg, s.c. single dose), ZnCl₂ (20 mg/kg, s.c. single dose) or both of them simultaneously. The nephrotoxic effects were monitored by the evaluation of plasma renal parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, DNA damage, and renal Cr content. The obtained results showed that K₂Cr₂O₇ disturbed renal biochemical markers, induced oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation in kidney tissues, and altered renal histoarchitecture. The co-administration of Se and/or ZnCl₂ has exhibited pronounced chelative, antioxidant, and genoprotective effects against K₂Cr₂O₇-induced renal damage and attenuated partially the histopathological alterations. These results suggest that Se and Zn can be used as efficient nephroprotective agents against K₂Cr₂O₇-induced toxicity in pregnant Wistar Albino rats.

Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) compounds are potent toxicants commonly used in numerous industries. Thus, potential toxic effects and health hazards are of high relevance. Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are known for their antioxidant and chemoprotective properties. However, little is known about their protective effects against CrVI-induced renal damage during pregnancy. In this context, the present study aimed to investigate the protective efficacy of these two essential elements against potassium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity in pregnant Wistar Albino rats. Female rats were divided into control and four treated groups of six each receiving subcutaneously on the 3rd day of pregnancy, K₂Cr₂O₇ (10 mg/kg, s.c. single dose) alone, or in association with Se (0.3 mg/kg, s.c. single dose), ZnCl₂ (20 mg/kg, s.c. single dose) or both of them simultaneously. The nephrotoxic effects were monitored by the evaluation of plasma renal parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, DNA damage, and renal Cr content. The obtained results showed that K₂Cr₂O₇ disturbed renal biochemical markers, induced oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation in kidney tissues, and altered renal histoarchitecture. The co-administration of Se and/or ZnCl₂ has exhibited pronounced chelative, antioxidant, and genoprotective effects against K₂Cr₂O₇-induced renal damage and attenuated partially the histopathological alterations. These results suggest that Se and Zn can be used as efficient nephroprotective agents against K₂Cr₂O₇-induced toxicity in pregnant Wistar Albino rats.

The aim of this study was to test the influence of nest site characteristics and food supplementation from rubbish dumps on reproductive parameters of white storks breeding in semi-arid habitats. A total of 148 nests were monitored in two colonies of white storks (control colony vs. colony that benefited from high food supply in rubbish dumps) in eastern Algeria over a six-year period (2011–2016) to measure nest characteristics and reproductive parameters (clutch size, number of hatchings, number of fledglings, breeding success). Results showed that pairs breeding at proximity from rubbish dumps had larger clutch sizes (5.1 ± 0.6 vs. 4.6 ± 0.6), hatched more chicks (4.7 ± 0.7 vs. 4.3 ± 0.7) and raised more fledglings (3.0 ± 0.9 vs. 2.6 ± 1.0) than pairs breeding far from rubbish dumps. Results also showed that clutch size was positively related to nest surface area, and that pairs nesting on electricity poles had a lower breeding success than those nesting in trees (48.9 ± 20.4% vs. 64.6 ± 17.6%). Our findings suggest that breeding outputs are strongly related to selective behavior in nest placement and food availability surrounding the nesting site.

The aim of this study was to test the influence of nest site characteristics and food supplementation from rubbish dumps on reproductive parameters of white storks breeding in semi-arid habitats. A total of 148 nests were monitored in two colonies of white storks (control colony vs. colony that benefited from high food supply in rubbish dumps) in eastern Algeria over a six-year period (2011–2016) to measure nest characteristics and reproductive parameters (clutch size, number of hatchings, number of fledglings, breeding success). Results showed that pairs breeding at proximity from rubbish dumps had larger clutch sizes (5.1 ± 0.6 vs. 4.6 ± 0.6), hatched more chicks (4.7 ± 0.7 vs. 4.3 ± 0.7) and raised more fledglings (3.0 ± 0.9 vs. 2.6 ± 1.0) than pairs breeding far from rubbish dumps. Results also showed that clutch size was positively related to nest surface area, and that pairs nesting on electricity poles had a lower breeding success than those nesting in trees (48.9 ± 20.4% vs. 64.6 ± 17.6%). Our findings suggest that breeding outputs are strongly related to selective behavior in nest placement and food availability surrounding the nesting site.

The aim of this study was to test the influence of nest site characteristics and food supplementation from rubbish dumps on reproductive parameters of white storks breeding in semi-arid habitats. A total of 148 nests were monitored in two colonies of white storks (control colony vs. colony that benefited from high food supply in rubbish dumps) in eastern Algeria over a six-year period (2011–2016) to measure nest characteristics and reproductive parameters (clutch size, number of hatchings, number of fledglings, breeding success). Results showed that pairs breeding at proximity from rubbish dumps had larger clutch sizes (5.1 ± 0.6 vs. 4.6 ± 0.6), hatched more chicks (4.7 ± 0.7 vs. 4.3 ± 0.7) and raised more fledglings (3.0 ± 0.9 vs. 2.6 ± 1.0) than pairs breeding far from rubbish dumps. Results also showed that clutch size was positively related to nest surface area, and that pairs nesting on electricity poles had a lower breeding success than those nesting in trees (48.9 ± 20.4% vs. 64.6 ± 17.6%). Our findings suggest that breeding outputs are strongly related to selective behavior in nest placement and food availability surrounding the nesting site.

This paper proposes a new approach for remaining useful life prediction that combines a bond graph, the Gaussian Mixture Model and similarity techniques to allow the use of both physical knowledge and the data available. The proposed method is based on the identification of relevant variables that carry information on degradation. To this end, the causal properties of the bond graph (BG) are first used to identify the relevant sensors through the fault observability. Then, a second stage of analysis based on statistical metrics is performed to reduce the number of sensors to only the ones carrying useful information for failure prognosis, thus, optimizing the data to be used in the prognosis phase. To generate data in the different system state, a simulator based on the developed BG is used. A Gaussian Mixture Model is then applied on the generated data for fault diagnosis and clustering. The Remaining Useful Life is estimated using a similarity technique. An application on a mechatronic system is considered for highlighting the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

This paper proposes a new approach for remaining useful life prediction that combines a bond graph, the Gaussian Mixture Model and similarity techniques to allow the use of both physical knowledge and the data available. The proposed method is based on the identification of relevant variables that carry information on degradation. To this end, the causal properties of the bond graph (BG) are first used to identify the relevant sensors through the fault observability. Then, a second stage of analysis based on statistical metrics is performed to reduce the number of sensors to only the ones carrying useful information for failure prognosis, thus, optimizing the data to be used in the prognosis phase. To generate data in the different system state, a simulator based on the developed BG is used. A Gaussian Mixture Model is then applied on the generated data for fault diagnosis and clustering. The Remaining Useful Life is estimated using a similarity technique. An application on a mechatronic system is considered for highlighting the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

This paper proposes a new approach for remaining useful life prediction that combines a bond graph, the Gaussian Mixture Model and similarity techniques to allow the use of both physical knowledge and the data available. The proposed method is based on the identification of relevant variables that carry information on degradation. To this end, the causal properties of the bond graph (BG) are first used to identify the relevant sensors through the fault observability. Then, a second stage of analysis based on statistical metrics is performed to reduce the number of sensors to only the ones carrying useful information for failure prognosis, thus, optimizing the data to be used in the prognosis phase. To generate data in the different system state, a simulator based on the developed BG is used. A Gaussian Mixture Model is then applied on the generated data for fault diagnosis and clustering. The Remaining Useful Life is estimated using a similarity technique. An application on a mechatronic system is considered for highlighting the effectiveness of the proposed approach.