The main function of a pavement is to distribute the traffic-induced load over its different layers. While the flexible pavement design methods are based on a linear elastic calculation, the real behavior of the different layers is highly nonlinear and elastic. They can also, in some cases, be plastic and viscous. This research aims to develop a three-dimensional numerical model that is closely similar to the test FWTT conditions. The model will have a real geometry wheel footprint (rather than a rectangular shape). As a substitute for incremental loading, the wheel movement during its passage over the specimen will be simulated by a horizontal displacement. These important characteristics of the model represent the novelty and the major difference between the current research and previous studies. The current model, which is based on the finite elements method, uses Abaqus software and a viscoelastic constitutive model. The materials’ viscoelastic properties have been described by the Prony series, also called the relaxation modulus, which is a function of time. This parameter can be defined in most computer-aided engineering (CAE) software. The procedure for calculating the Prony series from experimental data is explained. The results obtained agree with the stress signal amplitude, the stress rotation principal, and the total displacement rotation when the load approaches the node considered and located in the middle of the specimen.

Sedimentation of dam reservoirs is a complex problem with several dimensions, including filling rates and characteristics of accumulated sediments. Sediment supply from river basins is particularly high in this region because of its semi-arid climate and especially because of poor vegetation protection. The amount of silt accumulated annually since the construction of this dam is estimated at 330000 m3. This silt accumulation strongly limits its storage capacity and consequently its operating duration. The consequences of this serious problem have been catastrophic, including a considerable reduction of 43–84% of the storage capacity of the dams and a clear degradation of water quality that can cause the degradation of the ecosystem functioning and can lead to irreversible changes. The silt present in abundance in the Algerian dams can, thus, constitute a potential resource to be judiciously exploited towards the increase of the performances of the construction materials. The extraction of sediments accumulated in the dam reservoir is, therefore, imperative. These sediments have a great geotechnical value. The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of the recovery of mud by studying the knowledge of the sediments of the dam of Koudiat Medouar. The results of the tests carried out in laboratory allowed us to identify the various sediments from a physical and geotechnical point of view. These materials must of course meet certain rigorous criteria in terms of mechanical strength and durability and environmental impact. The experimental approach that we adopted allowed us to determine the characteristics of the materials necessary for the realization of compressed earth bricks (BTC) in conformity with the recommendations of the technical guides of construction.

In the industry, automated inspection is important for ensuring the high quality and allows acceleration of procedures for quality control of parts or mechanical assemblies. Although significant progress has been made in precision machining of complex surfaces, precision inspection of such surfaces remains a difficult problem. Thus the problem of the conformity of the parts of complex geometry is felt more and more. Motivated by the need to increase quality and reduce costs, and supported by the progress made in the field of it as well as the automation of production which in recent years has seen a considerable evolution in all these stages: from design to control through manufacturing. Due to, we used a 3D computer aided inspection technique on a physical gear using a coordinate measuring machine equipped with a “PC-DMIS” measurement and inspection software. Our work consists in developing a procedure for inspection for reproduction of gear profile by reconstruction of a circle involute gear from a cloud point’s measurement. In order to obtain a reliable result. In this works, we design the CAD-model of the part as accurately as possible (using a mathematical model) and matched with the 3D points cloud that represents the measurement that obtained from scanner. we compare the measurement cloud points from coordinate measurement machine with the mathematical model of construction by ICP (Iterative Closest Point) methods in order to obtain a conformed result and to show the impact of the dimensional inspection and geometric.

Designing and manufacturing replacement cancellous bone structures by lattice structures and Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques is an effective method to create lightweight orthopedic implants while ensuring that they are mechanically compatible and their osseointegration ability with the host bone. In this article, we suggest a new design based on three lattice structures from triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) with a different volume porosity to replace cancellous bone based on predicting the mechanical stiffness. To predict the mechanical stiffness, the relationship between the effective modulus of elasticity and different porosity ratios of the lattice structures was determined by using three methods: i) finite element modeling (FEM) simulation, ii) Gibson and Ashby method and iii) a uniaxial compression test after manufacturing the lattice structures by using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) Technology. To demonstrate the efficiency of our approach, the comparison of both numerical and experimental results showed that the effect of structure difference and porosity ratio of lattice structures on the mechanical stiffness values effectively match the cancellous bone in terms of elastic modulus and porosity ratio.

The relative scarcity of water resources in Algeria and their unequal distribution induce a rational use of available resources. The Zana-Gada{\"ıne plain appears as an exemplary case study, where the difficulties posed by the problem of crop water needs versus the availability of water resources appear. This article, based on field surveys and in-situ measurements, aims to identify the pressure of irrigation on water resources and the optimization of their use in an agricultural area, where irrigated agriculture represents 85% of the water consumption of the Zana-Gada{\"ıne plain. The piezometric study in correlation with hydrogeological data reveals that groundwater resources are limited, aggravated by wastage resulting in a consequent drawdown of 24 meters over 11 years. The analysis of interannual climate variability has enabled us to draw rainfall maps characteristic of the evolution of rainfall over the past decades where we observe a net deficit in precipitation. We calculated the evapotranspiration and the requirements in irrigation water for each crop in order to compare them with the available hydric resources and the establishment of irrigation schedules for the principal irrigated crops. The analysis of interannual climate variability has enabled us to draw rainfall maps characteristic of the evolution of rainfall over the past decades where we observe a net deficit in precipitation. We calculated the evapotranspiration and the requirements in irrigation water for each crop in order to compare them with the available hydric resources and the establishment of irrigation schedules for the principal irrigated crops.

The security is so important for both storing and transmitting the digital data, the choice of parameters is critical for a security system, that is, a weak parameter will make the scheme very vulnerable to attacks, for example the use of supersingular curves or anomalous curves leads to weaknesses in elliptic curve cryptosystems, for RSA cryptosystem there are some attacks for low public exponent or small private exponent. In certain circumstances the secret sharing scheme is required to decentralize the risk. In the context of the security of secret sharing schemes, it is known that for the scheme of Shamir, an unqualified set of shares cannot leak any information about the secret. This paper aims to show that the well-known Shamir’s secret sharing is not always perfect and that the uniform randomization before sharing is insufficient to obtain a secure scheme. The second purpose of this paper is to give an explicit construction of weak polynomials for which the Shamir’s (k, n) threshold scheme is insecure in the sense that there exist a fewer than k shares which can reconstruct the secret. Particular attention is given to the scheme whose threshold is less than or equal to 6. It also showed that for certain threshold k, the secret can be calculated by a pair of shares with the probability of 1/2. Finally, in order to address the mentioned vulnerabilities, several classes of polynomials should be avoided.

Graph matching is a comparison process of two objects represented as graphs through finding a correspondence between vertices and edges. This process allows defining a similarity degree (or dissimilarity) between the graphs. Generally, graph matching is used for extracting, finding and retrieving any information or sub-information that can be represented by graphs. In this paper, a new consistency rule is proposed to tackle with various problems of graph matching. After, using the proposed rule as a necessary and sufficient condition for the graph isomorphism, we generalize it for subgraph isomorphism, homomorphism and for an example of inexact graph matching. To determine whether there is a matching or not, a backtracking algorithm called CRGI2 is presented who checks the consistency rule by exploring the overall search space. The tree-search is consolidated with a tree pruning technique that eliminates the unfruitful branches as early as possible. Experimental results show that our algorithm is efficient and applicable for a real case application in the information retrieval field. On the efficiency side, due to the ability of the proposed rule to eliminate as early as possible the incorrect solutions, our algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms in the literature. For the application side, the algorithm has been successfully tested for querying a real dataset that contains a large set of e-mail messages.

This paper introduces a new approach of hybrid meta-heuristics based optimization technique for decreasing the computation time of the shortest paths algorithm. The problem of finding the shortest paths is a combinatorial optimization problem which has been well studied from various fields. The number of vehicles on the road has increased incredibly. Therefore, traffic management has become a major problem. We study the traffic network in large scale routing problems as a field of application. The meta-heuristic we propose introduces new hybrid genetic algorithm named IOGA. The problem consists of finding the k optimal paths that minimizes a metric such as distance, time, etc. Testing was performed using an exact algorithm and meta-heuristic algorithm on random generated network instances. Experimental analyses demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed approach in terms of runtime and quality of the result. Empirical results obtained show that the proposed algorithm outperforms some of the existing technique in term of the optimal solution in every generation.

Skin detection is very challenging because of the differences in illumination, cameras characteristics, the range of skin colours due to different ethnicities and many other variations. New effective and accurate methodologies are developed for skin colour detection to easily identify human’s skin colour threw databases which are specifically designed to assist research in the area of face recognition. One of these is the recently built SFA database that showed high accuracy for segmentation of face images. The approach described in this paper exploits skin and non-skin samples provided by SFA for skin segmentation on the basis of the well-known Euclidean and Manhattan distance metrics. Most importantly, the scheme proposed tries to segment facial colour images inside or outside SFA by means of skin samples belonging to SFA. Simulation results in both SFA and UTD colour face databases indicate that detection rates higher than 95% can be achieved with either measure.

The quasiparticle band structures and optical properties of ACdTS kesterite are investigated here on the basis of first-principles calculations, including the many-body effects theory, by using the GW plus Bethe-Salpeter equation. There were significant GW-quasiparticle corrections, over 0.9 eV, to the GGA-Kohn-Sham band gap. Our calculations also show that ACdTS kesterite had a small binding energy, exhibited optical absorption in the visible region, high minority carrier mobility, and large diffusion in length, rendering this material a promising candidate for solar cells. Based on these findings, we designed and implemented an ACdTS absorber in a thin-film solar cell (TFSC) structure. The new kesterite solar cell has a high efficiency of 11.6% with a low deficit in the output voltage. Moreover, a strategic combination between the particle swarm optimization approach and the ACdTS TFSC decorated with periodic nanowires is proposed to obtain significantly improved photovoltaic characteristics. The optimized design identifies a new pathway for a high conversion efficiency of 14%, far surpassing that provided by the conventional TFSC kesterite.

In this paper, a new high-performance tunable band-selective (UV-Visible) photodetector (PD) based on RF sputtered a-SiC active layer is demonstrated. SiC thin-films were deposited on glass substrate by RF magnetron sputtering method at different sputter power values ranging from 60 W to 120 W. The samples morphological, structural, optical and photodetection properties were investigated by carrying out XRD, SEM, EDS, UV-Vis spectroscopy and photoresponse measurements. It was revealed that the sputtering power could modulate the optical behavior of a-SiC alloy, tuning favorable visible absorbance at high sputter power. This phenomenon is correlated with the influence of the RF power on the SiC film structural properties and compositions. Interestingly, measurements showed that a-SiC PD elaborated at 60 W of RF power can detect UV radiation with a high responsivity of 138 mA/W, low noise effects, superior detectivity of 7.8 × 1012 Jones, while maintaining the visible blindness property. On the other hand, the prepared device at high sputtering power exhibits extended photoresponse characteristics, yielding 426 mA/W and 77 mA/W of responsivity values over UV and visible ranges, respectively. Therefore, the present investigation can provide a new strategy for the design and fabrication of photodetector devices based on SiC platform with broadband and solar-blind adjustable sensing purposes according to the desired application.

In this work, an inverted PTB7:PC70BM bulk heterojunction solar cells with the configuration of ITO/ZnO/ PTB7:PC70BM / HTMs/Ag for various inorganic materials as a hole transport layer (ZnO, MoO3, NiO, PEDOT: PSS, V2O5 and Cu2O) are simulated by using the GPVDM software which is a free general-purpose tool for the simulation of opto-electronic devices. The influence of the thickness of both PTB7:PC70BM and HTMs layers on the performance of the solar cell are investigated. The obtained results indicated that on regardless on the type of the inorganic material constituted the Hole Transport Material (HTM), the solar cell parameters can be improved by reducing the HTM thickness while the active layer optimum thickness is around 90 nm. The performance of the device with all inorganic materials used as HTM reaches the same levels as the PEDOT/PSS for the lower thickness (10 nm). As the thickness is increased, the electrical parameters are significantly enhanced by inserting cuprous oxide (Cu2O) compared to the conventional PEDOT: PSS.

A new multispectral InGaZnO (IGZO) thin-film phototransistor (TF PT) based on a graded band-gap (GBG) SiGe capping layer with metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) is proposed. An accurate drain-current model is developed to investigate the device performances, where the optical characteristics under different light excitations (530 nm, 820 nm, and 1550 nm) are analyzed using the 3-D Finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD). It is found that the proposed device shows high photoresponse characteristics. Besides, it is revealed that the GBG configuration, MNPs spatial distribution and size can induce a complex behavior, which influences the device photoresponse over multiple spectral bands. Importantly, an iterative decision-maker framework based on the Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) metaheuristic approach is implemented to design efficient multispectral IGZO TF PT. It is demonstrated that the proposed MOGA-based scheme paves the way for the designer to identify the appropriate GBG profile and MNPs spatial distribution for highly-responsive devices at selective Visible and IR wavelengths and to realize high-performance multispectral sensors. The proposed approach based on combining the proposed IGZO TF PT structure with MOGA metaheuristic computation opens up a new strategy for the design and experimental fabrication of high-performance multispectral optoelectronic devices.

In this paper, the leaky acoustic microwaves (LAW) in a piezoelectric substrate (Lithium Niobate LiNbO3 Cut Y-X) were studied. The main method for this research was classification using a probabilistic neural network (PNN).The originality of this method is in the accurate values it provides. In our case, this technique was helpful in identifying undetectable waves, which are difficult to identify by classical methods. Moreover, all the values of the real part and the imaginary part of the coefficient attenuation with the acoustic velocity were classified in order to build a model from which we could easily note the Leaky waves. Accurate values of the coefficient attenuation and acoustic velocity for Leaky waves were obtained. Hence, in this study, the focus was on the interesting modeling and realization of acoustic microwave devices (radiating structures) based on the propagation of acoustic microwaves

This paper presents the second-order sliding mode controller (SOSMC) of a micro-positioning stage piezoelectric model actuator (PEA), where the C-H model parameters are adopted to describe the hysteresis behavior and identified through particle swarm optimization. In this technique, two control algorithms are developed. The first one is the so-called twisting algorithm (TA). The control appears explicitly in the second surface derivative, and in a discontinuous control action that ensures a sliding regime mode. The second one, the super twisting algorithms (STA) has been developed and analyzed for systems. The use of both algorithms gives a significant reduction in chattering as compared to the standard sliding mode control. It is shown that the STA case offers better performances than TA. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the advantage of SOSMC over SMC.

In this work, the modeling and the sliding mode control of a self-excited asynchronous generator integrated in a wind energy conversion system is studied. The dc-link voltage and frequency output by the wind turbine depend on the wind intensity applied to the turbine and load. The goal of the study is to increase energy quality and to achieve a stabilization of dc-link voltage and frequency values based on sliding mode control. This method offers stability and robustness against external disturbances. However, this method is based in the power converter to improve the excellent dynamic of wind energy conversion system to meet the connection to the main grid. The simulation results show the efficiency and reliability of the proposed control method.