Permanent Ground Deformations (PGD) that follow slope failures caused catastrophic damages on buried pipelines. This paper presents a two-dimensional numerical analysis of the behavior of an 800mm water transport pipeline buried in the Aine-Tine slope (Mila, Algeria) subjected to shallow PGD triggered by the recent earthquake of August 07th, 2020 (M= 4.9). The soil-pipeline interaction was simulated focusing on the effect of (1) the magnitudes of the PGD and (2) the rigidity of the pipeline on the structural response of the pipeline. The pipeline deformations (i.e., translation and ovalization) and radial internal efforts (i.e., axial forces F_A, shear forces F_S, and bending moments M_B) result highlighted that shallow PGD can cause additional loads on pipelines that are proportional to the magnitude of PGD. Moreover, it was found that rigid pipelines are more performant than flexible pipelines. Through a simplified numerical simulation, the study helps engineers and planners to predict the actual causes of pipeline leaks and ruptures leading to severe disruption of their normal operations.

Permanent Ground Deformations (PGD) that follow slope failures caused catastrophic damages on buried pipelines. This paper presents a two-dimensional numerical analysis of the behavior of an 800mm water transport pipeline buried in the Aine-Tine slope (Mila, Algeria) subjected to shallow PGD triggered by the recent earthquake of August 07th, 2020 (M= 4.9). The soil-pipeline interaction was simulated focusing on the effect of (1) the magnitudes of the PGD and (2) the rigidity of the pipeline on the structural response of the pipeline. The pipeline deformations (i.e., translation and ovalization) and radial internal efforts (i.e., axial forces F_A, shear forces F_S, and bending moments M_B) result highlighted that shallow PGD can cause additional loads on pipelines that are proportional to the magnitude of PGD. Moreover, it was found that rigid pipelines are more performant than flexible pipelines. Through a simplified numerical simulation, the study helps engineers and planners to predict the actual causes of pipeline leaks and ruptures leading to severe disruption of their normal operations.

Accessibility of fresh water, the nature’s gift wheels the foremost part of the world economy. The sufficient supplies of water are essential for agriculture, human intake, industry as well as regeneration. The Oued Righ region is located in Algeria’s South-East, specifically in the NorthEast of the Sahara, on the Northern edge of the Grand Erg Oriental and the Southern border of the Aures massif. This area appears as a lower Sahara synclinal basin and is part of a broad North-South trending ditch. It is famous for its date palms, the development of the date culture in this region is attributed not only to the population’s efforts, but above all to the particular climatic conditions, the favorable soil characteristics and the existence of significant groundwater. The aim of this study is to understand the results obtained from using different approaches of water hydrodynamics in the Complex Terminal aquifer. The aquifer’s hydrodynamic characterization was carried out using hydrodynamic parameters and piezometry. As a result, the transmissivity and permeability obtained data using traditional Cooper-Jacob method showed that the flow capacities of the aquifer environment and the productivities of the structures are important in the studied zone where, the highest value of transmissivity equal 2.36× 102-m 2 /sis found in the central part of the study area in El-Meghair. The establishment of piezometric maps reveals a flow direction oriented toward the chott.

Accessibility of fresh water, the nature’s gift wheels the foremost part of the world economy. The sufficient supplies of water are essential for agriculture, human intake, industry as well as regeneration. The Oued Righ region is located in Algeria’s South-East, specifically in the NorthEast of the Sahara, on the Northern edge of the Grand Erg Oriental and the Southern border of the Aures massif. This area appears as a lower Sahara synclinal basin and is part of a broad North-South trending ditch. It is famous for its date palms, the development of the date culture in this region is attributed not only to the population’s efforts, but above all to the particular climatic conditions, the favorable soil characteristics and the existence of significant groundwater. The aim of this study is to understand the results obtained from using different approaches of water hydrodynamics in the Complex Terminal aquifer. The aquifer’s hydrodynamic characterization was carried out using hydrodynamic parameters and piezometry. As a result, the transmissivity and permeability obtained data using traditional Cooper-Jacob method showed that the flow capacities of the aquifer environment and the productivities of the structures are important in the studied zone where, the highest value of transmissivity equal 2.36× 102-m 2 /sis found in the central part of the study area in El-Meghair. The establishment of piezometric maps reveals a flow direction oriented toward the chott.

Accessibility of fresh water, the nature’s gift wheels the foremost part of the world economy. The sufficient supplies of water are essential for agriculture, human intake, industry as well as regeneration. The Oued Righ region is located in Algeria’s South-East, specifically in the NorthEast of the Sahara, on the Northern edge of the Grand Erg Oriental and the Southern border of the Aures massif. This area appears as a lower Sahara synclinal basin and is part of a broad North-South trending ditch. It is famous for its date palms, the development of the date culture in this region is attributed not only to the population’s efforts, but above all to the particular climatic conditions, the favorable soil characteristics and the existence of significant groundwater. The aim of this study is to understand the results obtained from using different approaches of water hydrodynamics in the Complex Terminal aquifer. The aquifer’s hydrodynamic characterization was carried out using hydrodynamic parameters and piezometry. As a result, the transmissivity and permeability obtained data using traditional Cooper-Jacob method showed that the flow capacities of the aquifer environment and the productivities of the structures are important in the studied zone where, the highest value of transmissivity equal 2.36× 102-m 2 /sis found in the central part of the study area in El-Meghair. The establishment of piezometric maps reveals a flow direction oriented toward the chott.

The object of this paper is to spotlight a totally new language phenomenon known as The SMS (Short Message Service), in Algerian society, especially the city of Batna, which is gaining field every day with the large use of the mobile phone by all population categories, such as students, young pupils, (even primary schools ones), workers, etc. This research will try to uncover the different abbreviation strategies and techniques used by Algerian users, to gain characters; which means more space on their small screens, time and also money, how do they do to take advantage of a small device; like a mobile phone to express their feelings, ideas, though, how to tell lot with a very few words!? Keywords: SMS; language; abbreviation strategies; mobile phone; users. Résumé : Le présent article, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre des nouvelles pratiques linguistiques électroniques, a pour objectif le langage SMS, dans la société algérienne, plus précisément la ville de Batna. Il semble, en effet, gagner du terrain, avec chaque nouvel usager de la téléphonie mobile. C'est une recherche qui a comme composante élémentaire les stratégies abréviatives des utilisateurs algériens du téléphone portable, en tenant compte du côté scriptural, où nous tenterons de voir comment ils font pour s'exprimer avec le peu de caractères dont ils disposent sur un écran aussi réduit, avec un clavier d'une ergonomie qui laisse à désirer. Les mots clés : langage SMS, téléphonie mobile, écran, clavier réduit, abréviations.

The object of this paper is to spotlight a totally new language phenomenon known as The SMS (Short Message Service), in Algerian society, especially the city of Batna, which is gaining field every day with the large use of the mobile phone by all population categories, such as students, young pupils, (even primary schools ones), workers, etc. This research will try to uncover the different abbreviation strategies and techniques used by Algerian users, to gain characters; which means more space on their small screens, time and also money, how do they do to take advantage of a small device; like a mobile phone to express their feelings, ideas, though, how to tell lot with a very few words!? Keywords: SMS; language; abbreviation strategies; mobile phone; users. Résumé : Le présent article, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre des nouvelles pratiques linguistiques électroniques, a pour objectif le langage SMS, dans la société algérienne, plus précisément la ville de Batna. Il semble, en effet, gagner du terrain, avec chaque nouvel usager de la téléphonie mobile. C'est une recherche qui a comme composante élémentaire les stratégies abréviatives des utilisateurs algériens du téléphone portable, en tenant compte du côté scriptural, où nous tenterons de voir comment ils font pour s'exprimer avec le peu de caractères dont ils disposent sur un écran aussi réduit, avec un clavier d'une ergonomie qui laisse à désirer. Les mots clés : langage SMS, téléphonie mobile, écran, clavier réduit, abréviations.

The current study concerns the use of azeotropic mixtures in single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system configurations to determine the effect of entrainment ratio on the coefficient of performance. Three single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system configurations are used. The effects of condenser and evaporator temperatures on the single-stage refrigeration system are investigated. The used azeotropic mixtures are: R1234yf + R290, R1234yf + R152a, R1234yf + R600a, R134a + R290, R134a + R600a and R1270 + R134a. It is shown that the simulations results are in good agreement with the literature. The R1234yf + R290 mixture in refrigeration cycle give the highest coefficient of performance and entrainment ratio. The coefficient of performance (COP) increases with increasing of entrainment ratio.

The current study concerns the use of azeotropic mixtures in single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system configurations to determine the effect of entrainment ratio on the coefficient of performance. Three single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system configurations are used. The effects of condenser and evaporator temperatures on the single-stage refrigeration system are investigated. The used azeotropic mixtures are: R1234yf + R290, R1234yf + R152a, R1234yf + R600a, R134a + R290, R134a + R600a and R1270 + R134a. It is shown that the simulations results are in good agreement with the literature. The R1234yf + R290 mixture in refrigeration cycle give the highest coefficient of performance and entrainment ratio. The coefficient of performance (COP) increases with increasing of entrainment ratio.

The current study concerns the use of azeotropic mixtures in single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system configurations to determine the effect of entrainment ratio on the coefficient of performance. Three single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system configurations are used. The effects of condenser and evaporator temperatures on the single-stage refrigeration system are investigated. The used azeotropic mixtures are: R1234yf + R290, R1234yf + R152a, R1234yf + R600a, R134a + R290, R134a + R600a and R1270 + R134a. It is shown that the simulations results are in good agreement with the literature. The R1234yf + R290 mixture in refrigeration cycle give the highest coefficient of performance and entrainment ratio. The coefficient of performance (COP) increases with increasing of entrainment ratio.

The current study concerns the use of azeotropic mixtures in single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system configurations to determine the effect of entrainment ratio on the coefficient of performance. Three single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system configurations are used. The effects of condenser and evaporator temperatures on the single-stage refrigeration system are investigated. The used azeotropic mixtures are: R1234yf + R290, R1234yf + R152a, R1234yf + R600a, R134a + R290, R134a + R600a and R1270 + R134a. It is shown that the simulations results are in good agreement with the literature. The R1234yf + R290 mixture in refrigeration cycle give the highest coefficient of performance and entrainment ratio. The coefficient of performance (COP) increases with increasing of entrainment ratio.

This paper is about the study of the well-posedness of a stochastic Cahn-Hilliard equation driven by white noise induced by a Q-Brownian motion. The proof of the existence of a unique global solution relies on the Galerkin method together with a monotonicity method.

This paper is about the study of the well-posedness of a stochastic Cahn-Hilliard equation driven by white noise induced by a Q-Brownian motion. The proof of the existence of a unique global solution relies on the Galerkin method together with a monotonicity method.

Recently, Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC) in the multi-intersection system is considered as one of the most critical issues in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Among the proposed AI-based approaches, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has been largely applied while showing better performances. This paper proposes a new DRL-based cooperative approach for controlling multiple intersections. The problem is modelled as a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) system, while each agent is trained to select the best action to control an intersection by obtaining information about its local lanes state. The cooperation aspect is manifested in this approach by considering the effect of the state, action and reward of neighbour agents in the process of policy learning. An intersection controller applies a Deep Q-Network (DQN) method, while transferring state, action and reward received from their neighbour agents to its own loss function during the learning process. The experimental results under different scenarios shows that the proposed approach outperforms many state-of-the-art approaches in terms of three metrics: Average Waiting Time (AWT), Average Queue Length (AQL) and Average Emission CO₂ (AEC). In addition, the cooperation between the different trained DRL-based controllers allows the system to continuously learn and improve its performance by interacting with the environment, particularly when the traffic is congested.

Recently, Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC) in the multi-intersection system is considered as one of the most critical issues in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Among the proposed AI-based approaches, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has been largely applied while showing better performances. This paper proposes a new DRL-based cooperative approach for controlling multiple intersections. The problem is modelled as a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) system, while each agent is trained to select the best action to control an intersection by obtaining information about its local lanes state. The cooperation aspect is manifested in this approach by considering the effect of the state, action and reward of neighbour agents in the process of policy learning. An intersection controller applies a Deep Q-Network (DQN) method, while transferring state, action and reward received from their neighbour agents to its own loss function during the learning process. The experimental results under different scenarios shows that the proposed approach outperforms many state-of-the-art approaches in terms of three metrics: Average Waiting Time (AWT), Average Queue Length (AQL) and Average Emission CO₂ (AEC). In addition, the cooperation between the different trained DRL-based controllers allows the system to continuously learn and improve its performance by interacting with the environment, particularly when the traffic is congested.

Recently, Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC) in the multi-intersection system is considered as one of the most critical issues in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Among the proposed AI-based approaches, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has been largely applied while showing better performances. This paper proposes a new DRL-based cooperative approach for controlling multiple intersections. The problem is modelled as a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) system, while each agent is trained to select the best action to control an intersection by obtaining information about its local lanes state. The cooperation aspect is manifested in this approach by considering the effect of the state, action and reward of neighbour agents in the process of policy learning. An intersection controller applies a Deep Q-Network (DQN) method, while transferring state, action and reward received from their neighbour agents to its own loss function during the learning process. The experimental results under different scenarios shows that the proposed approach outperforms many state-of-the-art approaches in terms of three metrics: Average Waiting Time (AWT), Average Queue Length (AQL) and Average Emission CO₂ (AEC). In addition, the cooperation between the different trained DRL-based controllers allows the system to continuously learn and improve its performance by interacting with the environment, particularly when the traffic is congested.

In this paper, we consider the stationary problem in three dimensional thin domain ΩεΩε with maximal monotone graph and Tresca conditions. In the first step, we present the problem statement and give the variational formulation. We then study the asymptotic behavior when one dimension of the domain tends to zero. In the latter case a specific Reynolds limit equation is obtained and the uniqueness of the displacement of the limit problem are proved.

In this paper, we consider the stationary problem in three dimensional thin domain ΩεΩε with maximal monotone graph and Tresca conditions. In the first step, we present the problem statement and give the variational formulation. We then study the asymptotic behavior when one dimension of the domain tends to zero. In the latter case a specific Reynolds limit equation is obtained and the uniqueness of the displacement of the limit problem are proved.

In most industrial environments, vibration analysis is widely used for fault diagnosis of rolling bearings. The vibration signal measured from a bearing represents a mixture of motor vibration, rolling vibration, noise, and other sources. Due to the high cost of devices and limited space, only one sensor can be installed to measure this signal. In this paper, a feature extraction method based on Single Channel Blind Source Separation (SCBSS) and Normal Distribution (ND) is proposed for vibration monitoring of rolling element bearings. To decompose the bearing signal, SCBSS is applied for separating the different sources. Because ND is sensitive to the type of fault, it is used as criterion to find an output that contains the maximum information about the fault by removing the other sources. In fact, the obtained signal contains other vibrations which affect the correct source of fault. A second SCBSS filter is, therefore, proposed to decompose the selected source and thus improves the performance of fault diagnosis. The application of the proposed method is carried out on a deep groove ball bearing with outer race fault, ball fault, and inner race fault in order to better validate the diagnosis results.

In most industrial environments, vibration analysis is widely used for fault diagnosis of rolling bearings. The vibration signal measured from a bearing represents a mixture of motor vibration, rolling vibration, noise, and other sources. Due to the high cost of devices and limited space, only one sensor can be installed to measure this signal. In this paper, a feature extraction method based on Single Channel Blind Source Separation (SCBSS) and Normal Distribution (ND) is proposed for vibration monitoring of rolling element bearings. To decompose the bearing signal, SCBSS is applied for separating the different sources. Because ND is sensitive to the type of fault, it is used as criterion to find an output that contains the maximum information about the fault by removing the other sources. In fact, the obtained signal contains other vibrations which affect the correct source of fault. A second SCBSS filter is, therefore, proposed to decompose the selected source and thus improves the performance of fault diagnosis. The application of the proposed method is carried out on a deep groove ball bearing with outer race fault, ball fault, and inner race fault in order to better validate the diagnosis results.