La région de Bougaa est affectée par un glissement déplaçant un volume considérable de matériaux détritiques formés par des colluvions, des éboulis à gros blocs et des éboulis de pente argilo-limoneux rougeâtre reposant sur un substratum imperméable d’argilite schisteuse. Ce glissement est façonné dans des formations géologiques particulièrement sensibles à ce type de mouvement à cause de l’hétérogénéité de leurs faciès, de l’imperméabilité de certaines couches et de l’effet de la tectonique cassante et de la karstification. Le but de cette étude est de caractériser ces glissements à l’aide d’outils géologiques, géotechniques et géomorphologiques. Le rôle des eaux d’infiltration est primordial dans le déclenchement de ces glissements où la lithologie, la disposition structurale,le climat sont des facteurs favorables. La présence de pentes > 20 %, de sources émergeant du réservoir karstique de Guergour, créant des zones humides qui permettent le déclenchement du mouvement du sol dans cette région.

Bougaa region is affected by a shift moving a considerable amount of detritus formed by colluvial deposits, scree to boulders and scree slope reddish clay loam resting on a substratum of impermeable shale shale. This shift is shaped in geological formations particularly sensitive to this type of movement because of the heterogeneity of their facies, the impermeability of certain layers and the effect of tectonics and karstification. The purpose of this study is to characterize these shifts using tools geological, geotechnical and geomorphological features. The role of seepage is essential in triggering these shifts where lithology, structural arrangement, the climate is favorable factors. The presence of slopes> 20%, emerging sources of karst reservoir Guergour, creating wetlands that allow triggering of ground motion in this region.

Copper(I)-zeolites, especially copper(I)-ultra stable Y zeolite (USY), are very efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the coupling of functionalized 1-bromoalkynes and various nitrogen derivatives. Under these conditions, sulfonylated alkyl- or arylamines and various N-heterocycles, such as oxazolidinones or indoles, could be efficiently transformed into the corresponding N-alkynyl derivatives. However, imidazoles gave addition products rather than coupling products. The reaction conditions proved compatible with a variety of functional and protecting groups. Such zeolitic catalysts can be recycled and reused at least five times without significant deactivation. Low catalyst loading could be used (4 mol%) and as low as 0.8 mol% of this heterogeneous copper catalyst still gave good conversion and yields.    

Computational homogenization is demonstrated as a potential analysis tool that can be used directly to predict the property structure relationships of many existing classes of composites. Based on finite element simulations, using the Zebulon structures calculation code, the present study is devoted to computation and estimation the effective behavior of the nonlinear composite materials with randomly identical elastic perfectly plastic parallel cylindrical fibers distribution in linear elastic matrix phase. The parameters of effective behavior of the composite will be expressed. These parameters are the effective elastic tangent modulus, effective plastic tangent modulus and effective yield stress. The proposed method can be readily applied to compute the parameters of effective behavior composite, using a new proposed analytical expression based on the volume fraction and effective Young’s modulus of each component. A good agreement between expression and simulation results is observed. Several examples are shown.