La présente étude vise à étudier le codage des pratiques linguistiques des jeunes issus de l'immigration algérienne en France. Notre objectif est de comprendre comment ces jeunes revendiquent leur appartenance socioculturelle et identitaire à travers l'utilisation du code-switching ? Comment la pratique du code-switching explique-t-elle leur double identité et leur identité socioculturelle ? Pour ce faire, nous avons, d'une part, réalisé une analyse lexicale d'un corpus de messages numériques écrits par ces jeunes, d'autre part, nous avons mené une enquête par questionnaire afin d'étudier leurs représentations. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que le code-switching permet aux jeunes issus de l'immigration algérienne non seulement de montrer leur particularisme mais aussi de revendiquer leur double identité socioculturelle et identitaire.

It is a challenging task to detect the hidden cracks in multilayer riveted structures in a nondestructive manner. This paper puts forward an eddy current nondestructive method for crack detection in such structures based on the electric conductivity of the rivets. Specifically, an eddy current sensor was designed with a ferrite core coil to evaluate the surface and inner defects of different layers. The magnetic phenomena during the detection process was simulated based on the magnetic potential and the scalar electrical potential, and the magnetic potential vector was solved by finite-element method. The proposed method was compared with the eddy current detection method without considering rivet conductivity through an experiment on a three-layer riveted aluminum structure. The length and position of each defect on each layer were changed in the experiment. The results show that the proposed method achieved better accuracy than the contrastive method, and its sensitivity depends on two issues: the position of the defect relative to the separation of the layers and the length of the defect relative to the length of the rivet head. The research results are of great significance for nondestructive testing of multilayer riveted structures in many fields.

Eddy Current Nondestructive Testing Calibration for Cracks Detection in Aircraft Based Riveted Multilayer Structures

In the present study, ultra-thin layer ZnS is inserted in the structure of standard solar cell between CdS buffer layer and CZTS absorber layer to represent the Second Phase (SP) often forms on the top of CZTS. The impact of this layer on the performance of CZTS solar cells is illustrated by the diverse results obtained by simulation using SCAPS-1D. The formation of ZnS on the CZTS surface has harmful effects on the solar cells parameters where the conversion efficiency (η) decreases by 2%. When varying thickness of ZnS SP of 2% to 20% corresponding of the total absorber layer the efficiency decreases by about 0.65%. The ZnS SP can deteriorate the photovoltaic power conversion efficiency from 10.2% to levels of 8.8%, depending on the material buffer layer and the thickness of ZnS SP. Using the ZnS as buffer layer mitigates harmful effects of the ZnS secondary phase forms on the top of CZTS absorber layer.

A numerical simulation is presented to study loose sand improved by stone column (SC) to reduce potential of liquefaction by the drainage effect by this column. The proposed simulation aims to design a unit cell which is consisted of a column and its surrounding soil; it is modeled in 3D under a gravity load and is subjected dynamically to a sinusoidal load. A Finn model is considered for the sand to analyze the evolution of the excess pore water pressure (EPWP), and the column is modeled by the Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion. Parametric studies are included geometrically the effect of the diameter of the stone column and dynamically the effect of dynamic criterions of Finn model and the frequency content of the dynamic load. The numerical simulation of the unit cell gives interesting results in the dynamic behavior of a loose sand reinforced by stone column, and it is suggested for designing the mitigation of liquefaction of loose sand improved under the effect of gravity.