The main purpose of this paper is to integrate fuzzy logic technique and backstepping synthesis to sliding mode control to develop a Fuzzy Backstepping-Sliding Mode Controller (FBSMC) to resolve the problem of altitude and attitude tracking control of unmanned quadrotor systems under large external disturbances. First, a backstepping-sliding mode control for quadrotor is introduced. Moreover, a fuzzy logic system is employed to adapt the unknown switching gains to eliminate the chattering phenomenon induced by switching control on the conventional Backstepping-Sliding Mode Controller (BSMC). The dynamical motion equations are obtained by Euler-Newton formalism. The stability of the system is guaranteed in the sense of the Lyapunov stability theorem. Simulation results are carried out using Matlab/Simulink environment to illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller.

The main purpose of this paper is to integrate fuzzy logic technique and backstepping synthesis to sliding mode control to develop a Fuzzy Backstepping-Sliding Mode Controller (FBSMC) to resolve the problem of altitude and attitude tracking control of unmanned quadrotor systems under large external disturbances. First, a backstepping-sliding mode control for quadrotor is introduced. Moreover, a fuzzy logic system is employed to adapt the unknown switching gains to eliminate the chattering phenomenon induced by switching control on the conventional Backstepping-Sliding Mode Controller (BSMC). The dynamical motion equations are obtained by EulerNewton formalism. The stability of the system is guaranteed in the sense of the Lyapunov stability theorem. Simulation results are carried out using Matlab/Simulink environment to illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller.

Security is one of the major challenges in the design and implementation of protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In such systems, the cooperation between nodes is one of the important principles being followed in the current research works to formulate various security protocols. Many existing works assume that mobile nodes will follow prescribed protocols without deviation. However, this is not always the case, because these networks are subjected to a variety of malicious attacks. Since there are various models of attack, trust routing scheme can guarantee security and trust of the network. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel trusted routing model for mitigating attacks in MANETs.

In this paper, we propose a potential high efficiency Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4/CdS (CZTS) solar cell design based on graded band-gap engineering that can offer the benefits of improved absorption behavior and reduced recombination effects. Moreover, a new hybrid approach based on analytical modeling and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is proposed to determinate the optimal band-gap profile of the amended CZTS absorber layer to achieve further efficiency enhancement. It is found that the proposed design exhibits superior performance, where a high efficiency of 16.9% is recorded for the optimized solar cell with a relative improvement of 92%, compared with the reference cell efficiency of 8.8%. Likewise, the optimized CZTS solar cell with a graded band-gap enables achieving a higher open circuit voltage of 889 mV, a short-circuit current of 28.5 mA and a fill factor of 66%. Therefore, the optimized CZTS-based solar cell with graded-band gap paradigm pinpoints a new path toward recording high-efficiency thin-film solar cells through enhancing carrier collection and reducing the recombination rate.

In this paper, a graded channel doping paradigm is proposed to improve the nanoscale double gate junctionless DGJL MOSFET electrical performance. A careful mechanism study based on numerical investigation and a performance comparison between the proposed and conventional design is carried out. The device figures-of-merit, governing the switching and leakage current behavior are investigated in order to reveal the transistor electrical performance for ultra-low power consumption. It is found that the channel doping engineering feature has a profound implication in enhancing the device electrical performance. Moreover, the impact of the high-k gate dielectric on the device leakage performance is also analyzed. The results show that the proposed design with gate stacking demonstrates superior ION/IOFF ratio and lower leakage current as compared to the conventional counterpart. Our analysis highlights the good ability of the proposed design including a high-k gate dielectric for the reduction of the leakage current. These characteristics underline the distinctive electrical behavior of the proposed design and also suggest the possibility for bridging the gap between the high derived current capability and low leakage power. This makes the proposed GCD-DGJL MOSFET with gate stacking a potential alternative for high performance and ultra-low power consumption applications.

The study of the water quality in the alluvial aquifer of Tebessa-Morsott basinwas carried out to perform a preliminary assessmentof the hydrochemical quality of same groundwater samples and their suitability for irrigation uses. The high salinity coupledwith groundwater level decline pose serious problems for current irrigation and domestic water supplies as well as for future exploitation. The statistical treatment of hydrochemical data by principal component analysis revealed two components related to salinity and pollution.The US salinity diagram illustrates that most of the groundwater samples fall in C3S1-C4S1 quality with high salinity hazard and low sodium hazard.

A hill reservoir research project aims, among other perspectives, to improve the regional agriculture potential through irrigation of small areas. For such a project, the feasibility study for a given area is fundamental before the establishment of any related applied research works. This paper is of a socio-economic relevance for the Timgad region (NE Algeria) as the presented results consist of a contribution of both socio-economic operators and policy makers. In the study area, water resources are closely related to the regional geology and the main objectives of the establishment of the Foum-Toub hill reservoir is to promote the irrigation of its plain, regulate the flow of the Foum-Toub creek and minimize the silting of the Koudiet Lemdaour dam. The selected sites for the construction of this work are characterized by an impermeable bedrock. Loose material, favorable to serve as borrow areas, can be supplied from the surrounding depressions where sandstone can also be used for the dike construction.

Gate engineering and highly doped source/drain region have been investigated to design a new DNA sensor for use in biomedical applications based on a double gate (DG) dielectric modulated (DM) junctionless (JL) metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) with triple material (TM) gate. Based on the dielectric modulation effect, DNA molecules in the nanogap cavity change due to the charge density of biomolecules, producing a change in the threshold voltage of the device. Analytical and numerical analysis was carried out to reveal the impact of physical parameters on the sensitivity of the proposed biosensor. Various characteristics, such as the surface potential, threshold voltage, and drain current were also investigated. The effectiveness of the proposed TM-DG-DM-JL-MOSFET structure with highly doped source/drain extensions is confirmed by comparison of the results with those for a conventional single-materiel (SM) gate DM-JL-MOSFET, revealing a good improvement in sensitivity and making the proposed structure an attractive solution for use in DNA-based sensor applications.