The Tinibaouine region, located in north-eastern Algeria on the borders of the Batna-Belezma Mountains, is characterized by a semi-arid to arid climate with an average annual rainfall not exceeding 465 mm and an average annual temperature of around 22 ° C. This region is characterized by the cultivation of apricots as essential crop followed by that of olives, whose plots are all irrigated with the Tinibaouine spring water. These are 450 Ha of trees for apricot and 108 Hectare for olives which constitute the principal revenue of the citizens of this small village. This paper estimated the crop reference and actual evapotranspiration (ETO) respectively and the irrigation water requirement of apricot trees and olive trees. The long recorded climatic data, crop and soil data, effective water allocation and planning, the information about crop water requirements, irrigation withdrawals were computed with the Cropwat model which is based on the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Penman-Monteith method was used to estimate ETo. Crop coefficients (Kc) from the phenomenological stages of apricot and olive were applied to adjust and estimate the actual evapotranspiration ETc through a water balance of the irrigation water requirements (IR). The results showed that the annual reference evapotranspiration (ETO) was estimated at 3.71mm / day. The irrigation requirements were estimated at 35800 m3/ hectare for apricot, 6980 m3/ hectare for olive, also Irrigation needs estimated on land at 14185, 05 m3/ hectare for olive and apricot

Fuglede-Putnam Theorem have been proved for a considerably large number of class of operators. In this paper by using the spectral theory, we obtain a theoretical and general framework from which Fuglede-Putnam theorem may be promptly established for many classes of operators.

In this paper we consider the problem of the asymptotic expansion of double Laplace-type integrals, in the case when the set γ of points where the phase achieves its absolute minimum is a simple curve. It will be shown that the asymptotic behaviour of such integrals is governed by the order of degeneracy of normal derivatives of the phase with respect to the curve γ. Complete asymptotic expansions will be constructed if that order is constant along γ, and the first two coefficients will be explicitly computed. If not, a uniform asymptotic expansion method, involving special functions, is suggested.

The aim of this paper is to examine a premature breakage of two compression plates for fixing broken bones with different patients for the period of their recovery. Each compression plate's breakage can induce grave consequences such as a new surgery, unexpected undesired complications and a prolonged healing time. The investigation of the compression plate breakage causes required an examination of the chemical composition and steel hardness, metallographic examination as well as that of the compression plate breakage surface by means of macroscopic and microscopic observations using microscope. On the origin of the results it can be established that the breakage was caused by high static load.

Let E be a n-dimensional vector space over a field k and ω a trivector of Λ3E. We can associate to the trivector ω several invariants either algebraic, arithmetic or geometric. In this paper we consider the following three invariants, the commutant C(ω), the complexity c(ω) and the automorphisms group Aut(ω). We show that there exists a vector space E and a trivector ω of Λ3E for which C(ω) is not a Frobenius algebra. We also show that the complexity c(ω) and the length l(ω) are equal. Finally, we prove the existence of a trivector ω such that Aut(ω) is not a FC-group.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The Equilibrium Voltage Step (EVS) technique has been used for extraction of depth and energy concentration profile of traps situated in the oxide of a lightly stressed metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structure. This has been achieved up to the very near Si-SiO₂ interface. The results are discussed and compared with those obtained using charge pumping (CP) technique. A good agreement is achieved between the trap densities extracted using the two methods even though differences in the shape of the profiles can be observed. The results also very well agree with those published previously using current deep level transient spectroscopy (C-DLTS).