In this paper, a new approach based on optimized intermediate metallic thin film engineering aspect is proposed to improve the absorption behavior for amorphous-Silicon (a-Si:H) p-i-n Solar Cell. The overall solar cell optical performance comparison between the conventional design and a proposed design including three different intermediate metallic layers (Au, Ag and Ti) is carried out numerically using accurate solutions of Maxwell’s equations. It is found that the proposed design with intermediate metallic sub-layers’ engineering provides superior integral absorption in comparison to that offered by the conventional structure. Therefore, the introduced intermediate metallic layers play a paramount role in increasing the light absorbance and modulate the electric field in the intrinsic region, where more light can be absorbed again by a-Si in the near infrared and infrared-regions using titanium as intermediate metallic layers. Furthermore, a hybrid computation based on combined numerical- metaheuristic modeling approach is proposed to boost the solar cell performance by optimizing the intermediate metallic layers. The obtained results indicate the advantage of the proposed design methodology in improving the amorphous solar cell performances.

Introduction: Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second hematological malignancy in Western countries with varying incidence across countries and ethnicities. In France, the incidence rate in 2012 is 4.2 in men and 2.0 in women, in USA it is 5.6 but in the population of African origin it is 11.1. In Maghreb, the incidence is 1,1 in Algeria and Morocco and 1.4 in Tunisia in 2004. Although epidemiological transition has taken place in our country, the results of epidemiological data on cancers in general and hematological malignancies in particular are remarkably different from those described in the Western literature. Aims : Two epidemiological approaches were carried out in Algeria, the first covering a period of 12 years (1995-2005) and the second of 2006-2012, the incidence of MM was the same of 1.1 and 1.01 respectively. These were retrospective studies with the limitations of this type of study, hence the need to create a register that would collect the data in a prospective and real-time manner. This register, known as AMMR (Algerian Multiple Myeloma Registry) belongs to the SAHTS (Algerian Society of Hematology), was created in 2014 after obtaining the approval of the Ministry of Health. The objectives of this register are: - Obtain reliable epidemiological data - Describe the profile of Algerian patients (pts) - To have an analysis of the diagnostic approaches in all the hematology departments - And measure diagnostic and prognostic difficulties. The AMMR is a prospective, observational, multicenter study. Materials and methods: With the support of a contracted clinical research company, we developed a 19 pages case report form (CRF) which registered all newly pts with MM, plasmocytomas. The main registered variables at diagnosis are patient demographics, disease characteristics, complications, biology, imaging, diagnosis, prognosis and only one item on treatment. All hematology services (17) participated in the study with the help of 23 investigators to inform the CRF. The diagnostic criteria used are those of the IMWG 2003, the prognosis is evaluated according to the classification of Salmon and Durie and the International Staging System. Results: Thus, 1010 pts are collected during these 2 years, 505 men and 505 women. The median age is 63 years (29-100 years), 53% are under 65 years, 13% under 50 years and 18% more than 75 years old. The age-standardized incidence rate (world population WHO 2000-2025) of MM for the year 2015 is 1.71 / 105 inhabitants (1.75 for men and 1.68 for women). In this series: 975 pts (96.53%) are secreting MM and 20 non-secretory MM(1.98%), 4 plasmocytoma (0.40%) and 2 plasma cell leukemias (0.20%). According to the geographical distribution, 62% of the patients are in the middle of Algeria, 19% of the western region and 19% of the eastern region. Among the risk factors for the occurrence of MM, a MGUS is found in 16 pts, a professional activity at risk in 96 pts of which 57 workers of the earth. The clinical feature at diagnosis is dominated by bone syndrome since 92% have bone symptoms, pain in 80.4% of cases and pathological fractures for 96 pts (12%). Neurological signs related to medullary compression are described in 89 pts, anemia is the second complication (56% of the pts). Biological characteristics, the immunological type are IgG type in 50.67% of cases, IgA in 26.36%, light chains in 21.64% of the secreeting MM. All the pts are classified according to the classification of Salmon and Durie, 82% are stages III and 13% of the stages II, among them 24% are classified B. The ISS classification is used in 72% of the pts, with 16.21% stage I, 18.56% stage II and 36.92% stage III. Flow cytometry is performed only in 45 pts (4.5%) and cytogenetics in only one patient. Comments and conclusion: This study shows that the number of pts with MM is important in our country: more than 1000 in 2 years, whereas the previous data did not exceed 350 pts/year. The median age is 63 years, with 53% under 65 years candidates for therapeutic intensification. On the other hand the incidence is 1.71 higher than the two previous studies; this is explained by the rigor of the prospective studies but not by an increase of the frequency. The data collected still show pts diagnosed later (82% stage III) with complications. We deplore the lack of genetics study for our pts. The AMMR is the first hematological malignancy registry in Algeria, is a reliable data bank, which will allow us to claim more diagnostic, pronostic assessment and care for our pts. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Recently, multimedia streaming applications are deployed anywhere (homes, campuses, etc.). Delivering these applications over mobile ad hoc networks is a challenging task: first, mobile ad hoc networks are infrastructure less, with dynamic topology, and limited resources. Secondly these applications have strict quality of service (QoS) requirements given with delay, jitter, bandwidth, loss rate, etc. Several architectures have been developed. However, an important part like QoS in routing level is still omitted. In this paper, many different coding techniques for video streaming are reviewed and two routing protocols (reactive and proactive) are used to evaluate which of them can improve QoS for multimedia streaming applications. Results show that reactive protocol performs better than proactive protocol in terms of throughput and network load in high mobility, but roles are reversed in terms of loss rate and network load for large-scale networks. PNSR and Jitter are influenced by nodes numbers independently of used protocol.

The Tinibaouine region, located in north-eastern Algeria on the borders of the Batna-Belezma Mountains, is characterized by a semi-arid to arid climate with an average annual rainfall not exceeding 465 mm and an average annual temperature of around 22 C. This region is characterized by the cultivation of apricots as essential crop followed by that of olives, whose plots are all irrigated with the Tinibaouine spring water. These are 450 Ha of trees for apricot and 108 Hectare for olives which constitute the principal revenue of the citizens of this small village. This paper estimated the crop reference and actual evapotranspiration (ETO) respectively and the irrigation water requirement of apricot trees and olive trees. The long recorded climatic data, crop and soil data, effective water allocation and planning, the information about crop water requirements, irrigation withdrawals were computed with the Cropwat model which is based on the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Penman-Monteith method was used to estimate ETo. Crop coefficients (Kc) from the phenomenological stages of apricot and olive were applied to adjust and estimate the actual evapotranspiration ETc through a water balance of the irrigation water requirements (IR). The results showed that the annual reference evapotranspiration (ETO) was estimated at 3.71 mm/day. The irrigation requirements were estimated at 35800 m3/hectare for apricot, 6980 m3/hectare for olive, also Irrigation needs estimated on land at 14185, 05 m3/hectare for olive and apricot.

Temperature, solar insolation, shading and faults affect the performance of the photovoltaic array. Often, the PV arrays get shadowed, completely or partially, by the passing clouds neigh boring buildings, towers or by trees, and other utilities. The situation is of a interest in a case of the large PV power plants. In the case of the shading the characteristics of the PV module are more complex with the several peak values. Under such conditions, it is very difficult to determine the maximum power point (MPP). MATLAB-programmed modelling and simulation of photovoltaic module is presented here, by focusing on the effects of partial shading on the output of the photovoltaic (PV) module and Faults Bypass Diode. The proposed models facilitate simulating the dynamic performances of PV-based power systems and have been validated by means of simulation study. The southern part of Algeria, where the experimental system is mounted, is particularly well appropriate to photovoltaic systems. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model, experiments have been conducted to compare the experimental and simulated current-voltage (IV) and power-voltage (PV) curves of a PV system under some predefined partial shading and faults bypass diode, using different PV technologies such as mono-crystalline and multi-crystalline.

Recently, researches in the interventional microrobots have taken the lion’s share in the field of biomedical devices. The aim of biomedical microrobots is to reach inaccessible areas of the human body and deliver drugs in high position. This work presents a new approach to elaborate a new physics-based model for novel self-propelled swimming microrobots. The robot is composed of an ellipsoidal head and hybrid tail that are propelled by a joint polymer metal composite actuator. Green’s function is used to solve the coupled elastic/fluid problems caused by the vibrating hybrid tail in a fluid. This method allowed producing the velocity of microrobot. For the control of the swimming microrobot in hazardous environment, the flatness-fuzzy-based control strategy is developed to eliminate the effect of nonlinear model and to generate the optimal trajectory of flat outputs. The fuzzy technique is aimed to adjust the law control gains in real time for improving the precision of the proposed microrobot in tracking the desired trajectory in fluid. The multi-objectives genetic algorithm is employed to optimize both the reference trajectory and the design parameters in order to enhance the time response and to minimize the dynamic tracking error of the trajectory. To achieve this, a numerical model based on accurate solutions of Navier–Stokes equations is developed. The results of the simulation show that the proposed design with ellipsoidal head gives better performance in comparison with that achieved by the conventional structure.