Polluted water poses significant health risks when it is part of the water sources used for irrigation, leading to the contamination of soil and plants by various pollutants. This work aims, firstly, to assess the degree of pollution of Wadi El Gourzi water (Batna, Algeria), and then to verify the consequences on their use for the irrigation of market garden plants for everyday consumption (lettuce, cilantro, parsley and spinach), both in the aerial part (stems and leaves) and in the soil where they are grown. This study focuses on trace metals (Cr, Pb, Zn and Cd). Soil pollution was assessed by calculating the soil pollution index (PI), while the uptake of these elements by plants was monitored by the transfer factor (TF). The analyses of the Wadi El Gourzi water with the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS) show a maximum abnormal concentration of Cr (17.37 mg∙dm–3), Pb (0.71 mg∙dm–3) and Cd (0.45 mg∙dm–3). For the analysis of the soils irrigated by these waters, the results of the PI show that the soils used for the cultivation of parsley and lettuce are polluted by several metals (PI > 1). The concentrations of trace metals elements (TMEs) in the sampled plants show a significant accumulation of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cr by the vegetables (coriander, parsley, spinach and lettuce). These concentrations are above the permitted standards.

Considering that real estate constitutes the principal base for the various components of the field, which makes controlling it and making perfect use of it one of the most difficult challenges facing those involved in the field of reconstruction, its rational and orderly consumption allows for the sustainable growth of the urban space. The city of Aris is one of the Algerian cities that knew a loose construction policy, which led to a gradual depletion of real estate as a result of the steep decline of the area and almost total consumption of the area, in addition to the legal nature of the real estate, which is controlled by the special character, this expansion collided with an area that could not be absorbed more than it is, and an urban fabric close to saturation, which calls for optimal exploitation of the vacant pockets within the urban fabric of the city. This city’s study included analyzing the legal nature of the real estate and counting the empty pockets to reach the most important results for the optimal exploitation of these pockets in light of the population increase the city is witnessing.

Considering that real estate constitutes the principal base for the various components of the field, which makes controlling it and making perfect use of it one of the most difficult challenges facing those involved in the field of reconstruction, its rational and orderly consumption allows for the sustainable growth of the urban space. The city of Aris is one of the Algerian cities that knew a loose construction policy, which led to a gradual depletion of real estate as a result of the steep decline of the area and almost total consumption of the area, in addition to the legal nature of the real estate, which is controlled by the special character, this expansion collided with an area that could not be absorbed more than it is, and an urban fabric close to saturation, which calls for optimal exploitation of the vacant pockets within the urban fabric of the city. This city’s study included analyzing the legal nature of the real estate and counting the empty pockets to reach the most important results for the optimal exploitation of these pockets in light of the population increase the city is witnessing.

The main objective of this study is to establish a perspective orientation of urban growth in an arid region (Biskra and its neighboring oases) in south east Algeria by mobilizing the capacities of attractiveness. Taking into account climatic parameters (wind speed and temperatures) and physical parameters (land cover, slopes, and distance from roads), our approach is based on remote sensing techniques of satellite data classification and Geographic Information Systems for spatial analysis. By means of a multi-criteria analysis a decision support map of sites suitable for future urban dynamics was carried out. The results obtained show that 48% (or 71,782.25 ha) of the study area is located on land with very low sensitivity to urbanization. 9.45% at high sensitivity, 29.13% at medium sensitivity, while 13.41% at low sensitivity. The medium sensitivity zone occupies a considerable area estimated at 29.13% (a total of 43,577.58 ha). Spatially, this is reflected in uncontrolled urban sprawl to the detriment of oases and agricultural land, or land not suited to the requirements of climatic comfort in arid regions. This urbanization sensitivity map forms the basis of the prospective design of an urban model adapted and appropriate to the conditions of the oasis ecosystem through the integration of other climatic parameters.

The main objective of this study is to establish a perspective orientation of urban growth in an arid region (Biskra and its neighboring oases) in south east Algeria by mobilizing the capacities of attractiveness. Taking into account climatic parameters (wind speed and temperatures) and physical parameters (land cover, slopes, and distance from roads), our approach is based on remote sensing techniques of satellite data classification and Geographic Information Systems for spatial analysis. By means of a multi-criteria analysis a decision support map of sites suitable for future urban dynamics was carried out. The results obtained show that 48% (or 71,782.25 ha) of the study area is located on land with very low sensitivity to urbanization. 9.45% at high sensitivity, 29.13% at medium sensitivity, while 13.41% at low sensitivity. The medium sensitivity zone occupies a considerable area estimated at 29.13% (a total of 43,577.58 ha). Spatially, this is reflected in uncontrolled urban sprawl to the detriment of oases and agricultural land, or land not suited to the requirements of climatic comfort in arid regions. This urbanization sensitivity map forms the basis of the prospective design of an urban model adapted and appropriate to the conditions of the oasis ecosystem through the integration of other climatic parameters.

Toensureconfidentialityandavoidhumainattacksagainstourdata, we exchange encryption and decryption keys. In our proposal scheme, we use the commutative properties of the product of circular matrices to create a com monencryptionkeybyapplyingtheprotocolof Diffie-Hellmanexchangethrough a classic channel. To raise the security level of our system we have introduced the sensibility of chaotic logistic maps in another exchange protocol which is the BB84throuth a quantum channal.

Toensureconfidentialityandavoidhumainattacksagainstourdata, we exchange encryption and decryption keys. In our proposal scheme, we use the commutative properties of the product of circular matrices to create a com monencryptionkeybyapplyingtheprotocolof Diffie-Hellmanexchangethrough a classic channel. To raise the security level of our system we have introduced the sensibility of chaotic logistic maps in another exchange protocol which is the BB84throuth a quantum channal.

Toensureconfidentialityandavoidhumainattacksagainstourdata, we exchange encryption and decryption keys. In our proposal scheme, we use the commutative properties of the product of circular matrices to create a com monencryptionkeybyapplyingtheprotocolof Diffie-Hellmanexchangethrough a classic channel. To raise the security level of our system we have introduced the sensibility of chaotic logistic maps in another exchange protocol which is the BB84throuth a quantum channal.

Due to the rapid growth of digital videos and the massive increase in video content, there is an urgent need to develop efficient automatic video content analysis mechanisms for different tasks, namely summarization, retrieval, and classification. In all these applications, one needs to identify shot boundary detection. This paper proposes a novel dual-stage approach for cut transition detection that can withstand certain illumination and motion effects. Firstly, we present a deep neural network model using the pre-trained model combined with long short-term memory LSTM network and the euclidean distance metric. Two parallel pre-trained models sharing the same weights extract the spatial features. Then, these features are fed to the LSTM and the euclidean distance metric to classify the frames into specific categories (similar or not similar). To train the model, we generated a new database containing 5000 frame pairs with two labels (similar, dissimilar) for training and 1000 frame pairs for testing from online videos. Secondly, we adopt the segment selection process to predict the shot boundaries. This preprocessing method can help improve the accuracy and speed of the VSBD algorithm. Then, cut transition detection based on the similarity model is conducted to identify the shot boundaries in the candidate segments. Experimental results on standard databases TRECVid 2001, 2007, and RAI show that the proposed approach achieves better detection rates over the state-of-the-art SBD methods in terms of the F1 score criterion.

Due to the rapid growth of digital videos and the massive increase in video content, there is an urgent need to develop efficient automatic video content analysis mechanisms for different tasks, namely summarization, retrieval, and classification. In all these applications, one needs to identify shot boundary detection. This paper proposes a novel dual-stage approach for cut transition detection that can withstand certain illumination and motion effects. Firstly, we present a deep neural network model using the pre-trained model combined with long short-term memory LSTM network and the euclidean distance metric. Two parallel pre-trained models sharing the same weights extract the spatial features. Then, these features are fed to the LSTM and the euclidean distance metric to classify the frames into specific categories (similar or not similar). To train the model, we generated a new database containing 5000 frame pairs with two labels (similar, dissimilar) for training and 1000 frame pairs for testing from online videos. Secondly, we adopt the segment selection process to predict the shot boundaries. This preprocessing method can help improve the accuracy and speed of the VSBD algorithm. Then, cut transition detection based on the similarity model is conducted to identify the shot boundaries in the candidate segments. Experimental results on standard databases TRECVid 2001, 2007, and RAI show that the proposed approach achieves better detection rates over the state-of-the-art SBD methods in terms of the F1 score criterion.

The complications arising after the transplantation of conventional stents put atherosclerotic cardiovascular patients at high risk. Biodegradable poly-lactic acid (PLA) stents provide practical solutions for diseased vessels (atherosclerotic) and avoid the side complications of vessels and their incompatibility with permanent stents in the long term. PLA is a biodegradable and reliable material that is used for biodegradable stents designs to maintain natural mechanical behaviour in blood vessels. In this study, we suggest a new cross section ‘circular and elliptic’ that are proposed based on basic square shape cross section to study the mechanical behaviour of stents under pulsatile blood pressure in the blood vessels in order to choose the best shape to allow the biodegradability of Absorb stents with Poly-lactic Acid (PLA) material by numerical fatigue study. Three types of cross-sections stents struts have been analysed to compare their mechanical properties in terms of stress, strain, fatigue damage and life cycle. The numerical results obtained from the finite element analysis (FEA) method demonstrate that the elliptical and circular stents design has better efficiency in terms of stress and strain (16.66–33.33%) and fatigue damage (62.4–86.07%) compared to the square design.

The complications arising after the transplantation of conventional stents put atherosclerotic cardiovascular patients at high risk. Biodegradable poly-lactic acid (PLA) stents provide practical solutions for diseased vessels (atherosclerotic) and avoid the side complications of vessels and their incompatibility with permanent stents in the long term. PLA is a biodegradable and reliable material that is used for biodegradable stents designs to maintain natural mechanical behaviour in blood vessels. In this study, we suggest a new cross section ‘circular and elliptic’ that are proposed based on basic square shape cross section to study the mechanical behaviour of stents under pulsatile blood pressure in the blood vessels in order to choose the best shape to allow the biodegradability of Absorb stents with Poly-lactic Acid (PLA) material by numerical fatigue study. Three types of cross-sections stents struts have been analysed to compare their mechanical properties in terms of stress, strain, fatigue damage and life cycle. The numerical results obtained from the finite element analysis (FEA) method demonstrate that the elliptical and circular stents design has better efficiency in terms of stress and strain (16.66–33.33%) and fatigue damage (62.4–86.07%) compared to the square design.

The complications arising after the transplantation of conventional stents put atherosclerotic cardiovascular patients at high risk. Biodegradable poly-lactic acid (PLA) stents provide practical solutions for diseased vessels (atherosclerotic) and avoid the side complications of vessels and their incompatibility with permanent stents in the long term. PLA is a biodegradable and reliable material that is used for biodegradable stents designs to maintain natural mechanical behaviour in blood vessels. In this study, we suggest a new cross section ‘circular and elliptic’ that are proposed based on basic square shape cross section to study the mechanical behaviour of stents under pulsatile blood pressure in the blood vessels in order to choose the best shape to allow the biodegradability of Absorb stents with Poly-lactic Acid (PLA) material by numerical fatigue study. Three types of cross-sections stents struts have been analysed to compare their mechanical properties in terms of stress, strain, fatigue damage and life cycle. The numerical results obtained from the finite element analysis (FEA) method demonstrate that the elliptical and circular stents design has better efficiency in terms of stress and strain (16.66–33.33%) and fatigue damage (62.4–86.07%) compared to the square design.

The complications arising after the transplantation of conventional stents put atherosclerotic cardiovascular patients at high risk. Biodegradable poly-lactic acid (PLA) stents provide practical solutions for diseased vessels (atherosclerotic) and avoid the side complications of vessels and their incompatibility with permanent stents in the long term. PLA is a biodegradable and reliable material that is used for biodegradable stents designs to maintain natural mechanical behaviour in blood vessels. In this study, we suggest a new cross section ‘circular and elliptic’ that are proposed based on basic square shape cross section to study the mechanical behaviour of stents under pulsatile blood pressure in the blood vessels in order to choose the best shape to allow the biodegradability of Absorb stents with Poly-lactic Acid (PLA) material by numerical fatigue study. Three types of cross-sections stents struts have been analysed to compare their mechanical properties in terms of stress, strain, fatigue damage and life cycle. The numerical results obtained from the finite element analysis (FEA) method demonstrate that the elliptical and circular stents design has better efficiency in terms of stress and strain (16.66–33.33%) and fatigue damage (62.4–86.07%) compared to the square design.

Thiacloprid (THI) is a nicotinic receptor agonist widely used as pesticide in Algeria, however it is susceptible to accumulate in various fruits and vegetables and pouringdownstream into food platesandcontributesto the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Conversely, several natural compounds are provided with cytoprotective potential and, therefore, are able to act against the harmful effects of toxicants such as pesticides. This study focused on striatum (str) and hippocampus (hipp) mitochondrial toxicityassessment, evaluation of behavioral function and intrinsic apoptosis pathway in rats exposed to THI at low-dose (0.020 mg/kg) for 3 months. In addition, this study examined neuroprotective potential of bitter apricot kernel extract when administered concomitantly with THI at the dose of 50 mg/kg. In current study, assessment of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and swelling, evaluation of mitochondrial redox status, cholinergic function (Ach E) and apoptosis markers (Caspase 9 and 3, Bax and Bcl2, Cytochrome c and cytosolic calcium) were performedin both brainareas, besides behavioral and histopathological examination. The results showed an increase of lipid peroxidation in both of str and hippwith a values of 1,14 ± 0,04nmol/mg of proteins(pr)and 1,58 ± 0,09nmol/mg pr.respectively and a significant decrease in GSH(0,09 ± 0,01mmol/mg pr.in hipp and 0,08±0,01mmol/mg pr. in str), the results also showed a change in the activity of antioxidants enzymes SOD (16,37±1,09UI/mg pr.in hipp14,54±1,46UI/mg pr.in str) , CAT (0,010±0,01UI/mg pr.in hipp and 0,005±0,004UI/mg pr.in str), GPx (0,01± 0,001nmol/mg pr.in both hippand str) and GST (23,73±1,68UI/mg pr.in hipp and 17,56± 1,04UI/mg pr.in str), as well as an abrupt increase in mPTP opening with a value of (0,057±0,005 in str and 0,054±0,005 in hipp) , which leaded to mitochondrial swelling where the level o mitochondrial swelling was (0,016±0,002 in str and 0,106±0,003 in hipp), the swelling was associated also with a high releasing of Cyt-c with a values of (4,48 ± 1,26μg/mlin str and 5,32 ± 1,08 μg/mlin hipp ) and Ca++( 2,26±0,06mmol/lin str and 2,32±0,07mmol/lin hipp) into the cytosol, the results also showed a significant decreasing of Bcl2 (16,4 ± 1,86ng/mg prin str and 14,8± 0,82ng/mg prin hipp), in the other hand the rates of caspase-9 were (278±14mAbs/mg pr.)in str and 212 ±24mAbs/mg pr.in hipp), caspase3 (184± 16mAbs/mg pr.)in str and 250 ±14mAbs/mg pr.in hipp), and BAX (0,926ng/mg prin str and 1,189ng/mg prin hipp) were increased. The results of this study revealed also a decrease of memorization processes and learning abilities, at the same time a decrease in Ach E activity (14,02± 0,78 nmol/min/mg pr.in str and 22,35± 1,77 nmol/min/mg pr.in hipp) was recorded. Inversely, bitter apricot kernels extract showed higher cytoprotective potential against THI neurotoxicity, since mitochondrial redox homeostasis and membrane integrity were recovered, cognitive impairment and brain tissue damage were also prevented. In conclusion, THI induced mitochondrial disorders, triggered apoptosis signaling pathway and impaired cognitive functions whichwere prevented by bitter apricot kernels extract when associated with this pesticide.

Thiacloprid (THI) is a nicotinic receptor agonist widely used as pesticide in Algeria, however it is susceptible to accumulate in various fruits and vegetables and pouringdownstream into food platesandcontributesto the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Conversely, several natural compounds are provided with cytoprotective potential and, therefore, are able to act against the harmful effects of toxicants such as pesticides. This study focused on striatum (str) and hippocampus (hipp) mitochondrial toxicityassessment, evaluation of behavioral function and intrinsic apoptosis pathway in rats exposed to THI at low-dose (0.020 mg/kg) for 3 months. In addition, this study examined neuroprotective potential of bitter apricot kernel extract when administered concomitantly with THI at the dose of 50 mg/kg. In current study, assessment of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and swelling, evaluation of mitochondrial redox status, cholinergic function (Ach E) and apoptosis markers (Caspase 9 and 3, Bax and Bcl2, Cytochrome c and cytosolic calcium) were performedin both brainareas, besides behavioral and histopathological examination. The results showed an increase of lipid peroxidation in both of str and hippwith a values of 1,14 ± 0,04nmol/mg of proteins(pr)and 1,58 ± 0,09nmol/mg pr.respectively and a significant decrease in GSH(0,09 ± 0,01mmol/mg pr.in hipp and 0,08±0,01mmol/mg pr. in str), the results also showed a change in the activity of antioxidants enzymes SOD (16,37±1,09UI/mg pr.in hipp14,54±1,46UI/mg pr.in str) , CAT (0,010±0,01UI/mg pr.in hipp and 0,005±0,004UI/mg pr.in str), GPx (0,01± 0,001nmol/mg pr.in both hippand str) and GST (23,73±1,68UI/mg pr.in hipp and 17,56± 1,04UI/mg pr.in str), as well as an abrupt increase in mPTP opening with a value of (0,057±0,005 in str and 0,054±0,005 in hipp) , which leaded to mitochondrial swelling where the level o mitochondrial swelling was (0,016±0,002 in str and 0,106±0,003 in hipp), the swelling was associated also with a high releasing of Cyt-c with a values of (4,48 ± 1,26μg/mlin str and 5,32 ± 1,08 μg/mlin hipp ) and Ca++( 2,26±0,06mmol/lin str and 2,32±0,07mmol/lin hipp) into the cytosol, the results also showed a significant decreasing of Bcl2 (16,4 ± 1,86ng/mg prin str and 14,8± 0,82ng/mg prin hipp), in the other hand the rates of caspase-9 were (278±14mAbs/mg pr.)in str and 212 ±24mAbs/mg pr.in hipp), caspase3 (184± 16mAbs/mg pr.)in str and 250 ±14mAbs/mg pr.in hipp), and BAX (0,926ng/mg prin str and 1,189ng/mg prin hipp) were increased. The results of this study revealed also a decrease of memorization processes and learning abilities, at the same time a decrease in Ach E activity (14,02± 0,78 nmol/min/mg pr.in str and 22,35± 1,77 nmol/min/mg pr.in hipp) was recorded. Inversely, bitter apricot kernels extract showed higher cytoprotective potential against THI neurotoxicity, since mitochondrial redox homeostasis and membrane integrity were recovered, cognitive impairment and brain tissue damage were also prevented. In conclusion, THI induced mitochondrial disorders, triggered apoptosis signaling pathway and impaired cognitive functions whichwere prevented by bitter apricot kernels extract when associated with this pesticide.

Thiacloprid (THI) is a nicotinic receptor agonist widely used as pesticide in Algeria, however it is susceptible to accumulate in various fruits and vegetables and pouringdownstream into food platesandcontributesto the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Conversely, several natural compounds are provided with cytoprotective potential and, therefore, are able to act against the harmful effects of toxicants such as pesticides. This study focused on striatum (str) and hippocampus (hipp) mitochondrial toxicityassessment, evaluation of behavioral function and intrinsic apoptosis pathway in rats exposed to THI at low-dose (0.020 mg/kg) for 3 months. In addition, this study examined neuroprotective potential of bitter apricot kernel extract when administered concomitantly with THI at the dose of 50 mg/kg. In current study, assessment of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and swelling, evaluation of mitochondrial redox status, cholinergic function (Ach E) and apoptosis markers (Caspase 9 and 3, Bax and Bcl2, Cytochrome c and cytosolic calcium) were performedin both brainareas, besides behavioral and histopathological examination. The results showed an increase of lipid peroxidation in both of str and hippwith a values of 1,14 ± 0,04nmol/mg of proteins(pr)and 1,58 ± 0,09nmol/mg pr.respectively and a significant decrease in GSH(0,09 ± 0,01mmol/mg pr.in hipp and 0,08±0,01mmol/mg pr. in str), the results also showed a change in the activity of antioxidants enzymes SOD (16,37±1,09UI/mg pr.in hipp14,54±1,46UI/mg pr.in str) , CAT (0,010±0,01UI/mg pr.in hipp and 0,005±0,004UI/mg pr.in str), GPx (0,01± 0,001nmol/mg pr.in both hippand str) and GST (23,73±1,68UI/mg pr.in hipp and 17,56± 1,04UI/mg pr.in str), as well as an abrupt increase in mPTP opening with a value of (0,057±0,005 in str and 0,054±0,005 in hipp) , which leaded to mitochondrial swelling where the level o mitochondrial swelling was (0,016±0,002 in str and 0,106±0,003 in hipp), the swelling was associated also with a high releasing of Cyt-c with a values of (4,48 ± 1,26μg/mlin str and 5,32 ± 1,08 μg/mlin hipp ) and Ca++( 2,26±0,06mmol/lin str and 2,32±0,07mmol/lin hipp) into the cytosol, the results also showed a significant decreasing of Bcl2 (16,4 ± 1,86ng/mg prin str and 14,8± 0,82ng/mg prin hipp), in the other hand the rates of caspase-9 were (278±14mAbs/mg pr.)in str and 212 ±24mAbs/mg pr.in hipp), caspase3 (184± 16mAbs/mg pr.)in str and 250 ±14mAbs/mg pr.in hipp), and BAX (0,926ng/mg prin str and 1,189ng/mg prin hipp) were increased. The results of this study revealed also a decrease of memorization processes and learning abilities, at the same time a decrease in Ach E activity (14,02± 0,78 nmol/min/mg pr.in str and 22,35± 1,77 nmol/min/mg pr.in hipp) was recorded. Inversely, bitter apricot kernels extract showed higher cytoprotective potential against THI neurotoxicity, since mitochondrial redox homeostasis and membrane integrity were recovered, cognitive impairment and brain tissue damage were also prevented. In conclusion, THI induced mitochondrial disorders, triggered apoptosis signaling pathway and impaired cognitive functions whichwere prevented by bitter apricot kernels extract when associated with this pesticide.

Thiacloprid (THI) is a nicotinic receptor agonist widely used as pesticide in Algeria, however it is susceptible to accumulate in various fruits and vegetables and pouringdownstream into food platesandcontributesto the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Conversely, several natural compounds are provided with cytoprotective potential and, therefore, are able to act against the harmful effects of toxicants such as pesticides. This study focused on striatum (str) and hippocampus (hipp) mitochondrial toxicityassessment, evaluation of behavioral function and intrinsic apoptosis pathway in rats exposed to THI at low-dose (0.020 mg/kg) for 3 months. In addition, this study examined neuroprotective potential of bitter apricot kernel extract when administered concomitantly with THI at the dose of 50 mg/kg. In current study, assessment of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and swelling, evaluation of mitochondrial redox status, cholinergic function (Ach E) and apoptosis markers (Caspase 9 and 3, Bax and Bcl2, Cytochrome c and cytosolic calcium) were performedin both brainareas, besides behavioral and histopathological examination. The results showed an increase of lipid peroxidation in both of str and hippwith a values of 1,14 ± 0,04nmol/mg of proteins(pr)and 1,58 ± 0,09nmol/mg pr.respectively and a significant decrease in GSH(0,09 ± 0,01mmol/mg pr.in hipp and 0,08±0,01mmol/mg pr. in str), the results also showed a change in the activity of antioxidants enzymes SOD (16,37±1,09UI/mg pr.in hipp14,54±1,46UI/mg pr.in str) , CAT (0,010±0,01UI/mg pr.in hipp and 0,005±0,004UI/mg pr.in str), GPx (0,01± 0,001nmol/mg pr.in both hippand str) and GST (23,73±1,68UI/mg pr.in hipp and 17,56± 1,04UI/mg pr.in str), as well as an abrupt increase in mPTP opening with a value of (0,057±0,005 in str and 0,054±0,005 in hipp) , which leaded to mitochondrial swelling where the level o mitochondrial swelling was (0,016±0,002 in str and 0,106±0,003 in hipp), the swelling was associated also with a high releasing of Cyt-c with a values of (4,48 ± 1,26μg/mlin str and 5,32 ± 1,08 μg/mlin hipp ) and Ca++( 2,26±0,06mmol/lin str and 2,32±0,07mmol/lin hipp) into the cytosol, the results also showed a significant decreasing of Bcl2 (16,4 ± 1,86ng/mg prin str and 14,8± 0,82ng/mg prin hipp), in the other hand the rates of caspase-9 were (278±14mAbs/mg pr.)in str and 212 ±24mAbs/mg pr.in hipp), caspase3 (184± 16mAbs/mg pr.)in str and 250 ±14mAbs/mg pr.in hipp), and BAX (0,926ng/mg prin str and 1,189ng/mg prin hipp) were increased. The results of this study revealed also a decrease of memorization processes and learning abilities, at the same time a decrease in Ach E activity (14,02± 0,78 nmol/min/mg pr.in str and 22,35± 1,77 nmol/min/mg pr.in hipp) was recorded. Inversely, bitter apricot kernels extract showed higher cytoprotective potential against THI neurotoxicity, since mitochondrial redox homeostasis and membrane integrity were recovered, cognitive impairment and brain tissue damage were also prevented. In conclusion, THI induced mitochondrial disorders, triggered apoptosis signaling pathway and impaired cognitive functions whichwere prevented by bitter apricot kernels extract when associated with this pesticide.

Thiacloprid (THI) is a nicotinic receptor agonist widely used as pesticide in Algeria, however it is susceptible to accumulate in various fruits and vegetables and pouringdownstream into food platesandcontributesto the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Conversely, several natural compounds are provided with cytoprotective potential and, therefore, are able to act against the harmful effects of toxicants such as pesticides. This study focused on striatum (str) and hippocampus (hipp) mitochondrial toxicityassessment, evaluation of behavioral function and intrinsic apoptosis pathway in rats exposed to THI at low-dose (0.020 mg/kg) for 3 months. In addition, this study examined neuroprotective potential of bitter apricot kernel extract when administered concomitantly with THI at the dose of 50 mg/kg. In current study, assessment of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and swelling, evaluation of mitochondrial redox status, cholinergic function (Ach E) and apoptosis markers (Caspase 9 and 3, Bax and Bcl2, Cytochrome c and cytosolic calcium) were performedin both brainareas, besides behavioral and histopathological examination. The results showed an increase of lipid peroxidation in both of str and hippwith a values of 1,14 ± 0,04nmol/mg of proteins(pr)and 1,58 ± 0,09nmol/mg pr.respectively and a significant decrease in GSH(0,09 ± 0,01mmol/mg pr.in hipp and 0,08±0,01mmol/mg pr. in str), the results also showed a change in the activity of antioxidants enzymes SOD (16,37±1,09UI/mg pr.in hipp14,54±1,46UI/mg pr.in str) , CAT (0,010±0,01UI/mg pr.in hipp and 0,005±0,004UI/mg pr.in str), GPx (0,01± 0,001nmol/mg pr.in both hippand str) and GST (23,73±1,68UI/mg pr.in hipp and 17,56± 1,04UI/mg pr.in str), as well as an abrupt increase in mPTP opening with a value of (0,057±0,005 in str and 0,054±0,005 in hipp) , which leaded to mitochondrial swelling where the level o mitochondrial swelling was (0,016±0,002 in str and 0,106±0,003 in hipp), the swelling was associated also with a high releasing of Cyt-c with a values of (4,48 ± 1,26μg/mlin str and 5,32 ± 1,08 μg/mlin hipp ) and Ca++( 2,26±0,06mmol/lin str and 2,32±0,07mmol/lin hipp) into the cytosol, the results also showed a significant decreasing of Bcl2 (16,4 ± 1,86ng/mg prin str and 14,8± 0,82ng/mg prin hipp), in the other hand the rates of caspase-9 were (278±14mAbs/mg pr.)in str and 212 ±24mAbs/mg pr.in hipp), caspase3 (184± 16mAbs/mg pr.)in str and 250 ±14mAbs/mg pr.in hipp), and BAX (0,926ng/mg prin str and 1,189ng/mg prin hipp) were increased. The results of this study revealed also a decrease of memorization processes and learning abilities, at the same time a decrease in Ach E activity (14,02± 0,78 nmol/min/mg pr.in str and 22,35± 1,77 nmol/min/mg pr.in hipp) was recorded. Inversely, bitter apricot kernels extract showed higher cytoprotective potential against THI neurotoxicity, since mitochondrial redox homeostasis and membrane integrity were recovered, cognitive impairment and brain tissue damage were also prevented. In conclusion, THI induced mitochondrial disorders, triggered apoptosis signaling pathway and impaired cognitive functions whichwere prevented by bitter apricot kernels extract when associated with this pesticide.

Thiacloprid (THI) is a nicotinic receptor agonist widely used as pesticide in Algeria, however it is susceptible to accumulate in various fruits and vegetables and pouringdownstream into food platesandcontributesto the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Conversely, several natural compounds are provided with cytoprotective potential and, therefore, are able to act against the harmful effects of toxicants such as pesticides. This study focused on striatum (str) and hippocampus (hipp) mitochondrial toxicityassessment, evaluation of behavioral function and intrinsic apoptosis pathway in rats exposed to THI at low-dose (0.020 mg/kg) for 3 months. In addition, this study examined neuroprotective potential of bitter apricot kernel extract when administered concomitantly with THI at the dose of 50 mg/kg. In current study, assessment of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and swelling, evaluation of mitochondrial redox status, cholinergic function (Ach E) and apoptosis markers (Caspase 9 and 3, Bax and Bcl2, Cytochrome c and cytosolic calcium) were performedin both brainareas, besides behavioral and histopathological examination. The results showed an increase of lipid peroxidation in both of str and hippwith a values of 1,14 ± 0,04nmol/mg of proteins(pr)and 1,58 ± 0,09nmol/mg pr.respectively and a significant decrease in GSH(0,09 ± 0,01mmol/mg pr.in hipp and 0,08±0,01mmol/mg pr. in str), the results also showed a change in the activity of antioxidants enzymes SOD (16,37±1,09UI/mg pr.in hipp14,54±1,46UI/mg pr.in str) , CAT (0,010±0,01UI/mg pr.in hipp and 0,005±0,004UI/mg pr.in str), GPx (0,01± 0,001nmol/mg pr.in both hippand str) and GST (23,73±1,68UI/mg pr.in hipp and 17,56± 1,04UI/mg pr.in str), as well as an abrupt increase in mPTP opening with a value of (0,057±0,005 in str and 0,054±0,005 in hipp) , which leaded to mitochondrial swelling where the level o mitochondrial swelling was (0,016±0,002 in str and 0,106±0,003 in hipp), the swelling was associated also with a high releasing of Cyt-c with a values of (4,48 ± 1,26μg/mlin str and 5,32 ± 1,08 μg/mlin hipp ) and Ca++( 2,26±0,06mmol/lin str and 2,32±0,07mmol/lin hipp) into the cytosol, the results also showed a significant decreasing of Bcl2 (16,4 ± 1,86ng/mg prin str and 14,8± 0,82ng/mg prin hipp), in the other hand the rates of caspase-9 were (278±14mAbs/mg pr.)in str and 212 ±24mAbs/mg pr.in hipp), caspase3 (184± 16mAbs/mg pr.)in str and 250 ±14mAbs/mg pr.in hipp), and BAX (0,926ng/mg prin str and 1,189ng/mg prin hipp) were increased. The results of this study revealed also a decrease of memorization processes and learning abilities, at the same time a decrease in Ach E activity (14,02± 0,78 nmol/min/mg pr.in str and 22,35± 1,77 nmol/min/mg pr.in hipp) was recorded. Inversely, bitter apricot kernels extract showed higher cytoprotective potential against THI neurotoxicity, since mitochondrial redox homeostasis and membrane integrity were recovered, cognitive impairment and brain tissue damage were also prevented. In conclusion, THI induced mitochondrial disorders, triggered apoptosis signaling pathway and impaired cognitive functions whichwere prevented by bitter apricot kernels extract when associated with this pesticide.